Decade
From top left, clockwise: The fall of the Bastille propelled the start of the French Revolutionary War , a war that will eventually influence global politics by the birth of democracy in governments, and conceive the idea of republicanism worldwide; The first hydrogen balloons flew successfully this decade by Jacques Charles and Nicolas-Louis Robert ; George Washington becomes president of the United States of America . His ascension into office marked him as America's first president; The United States Constitution is signed in Philadelphia , formally ending the American Revolutionary War against the United Kingdom ; Uranus is discovered in 1781 by William Herschel , further expanding the global scientific consensuses and understanding on the Solar System , recognizing it as the seventh planet from the Sun; The Iron Bridge opens, making it the world's very first bridge made out of cast iron , ushering in the preliminary wave of the Industrial Revolution ; The Montgolfier brothers manned the world's first hot-air balloon, which stayed afloat 2 kilometres above ground in its 1783 voyage; Icelandic volcano Laki erupted in 1783, unleashing an 8-month-long environmental destruction and widespread famine across Europe. Up to 33% of Iceland's population and tens of thousands more in Mainland Europe succumbed to the chain of disasters, leading the eruption to be dubbed as "one of the worst" in contemporary history.
The 1780s (pronounced "seventeen-eighties") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1780, and ended on December 31, 1789. A period widely considered as transitional between the Age of Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution , the 1780s saw the inception of modern philosophy . With the rise of astronomical, technological, and political discoveries and innovations such as Uranus , cast iron on structures, republicanism and hot-air balloons , the 1780s kick-started a rapid global industrialization movement, leaving behind the world's predominantly agrarian customs in the past.
Events
1780
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October 2 – American Revolutionary War : In Tappan, New York, British spy John André is hanged by American forces.
October 7 – American Revolutionary War : Battle of Kings Mountain : Patriot militia forces annihilate Loyalists under British Major Patrick Ferguson , at Kings Mountain, South Carolina.
October 10 –16 – The Great Hurricane flattens the islands of Barbados , Martinique and Sint Eustatius ; 22,000 are killed.
November 4 – Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II : In the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru , Túpac Amaru II leads an uprising of Aymara and Quechua peoples and mestizo peasants as a protest against the Bourbon Reforms .
November 28 – A lightning strike in Saint Petersburg begins a fire that burns 11,000 homes.[ 10]
November 29 – Maria Theresa of Austria dies in Vienna after 40 years of rule, and her Habsburg dominions pass to her ambitious son, Joseph II , who has already been Holy Roman Emperor since 1765 .
November 30 – American Revolutionary War : The British San Juan Expedition is forced to withdraw.
December 14 – Alexander Hamilton marries Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton
December 16 – Emperor Kōkaku accedes to the throne of Japan.
December 20 – The Fourth Anglo-Dutch War begins.[ 11]
Jose Gabriel Kunturkanki, businessman and landowner, proclaims himself Inca Túpac Amaru II .
The Duke of Richmond calls, in the House of Lords of Great Britain, for manhood suffrage and annual parliaments, which are rejected.
Jeremy Bentham 's Introduction to Principles of Morals and Legislation , presenting his formulation of utilitarian ethics , is printed (but not published) in London.
Nikephoros Theotokis starts introducing Edinoverie , an attempt to integrate the Old Believers into Russia's established church .
The Woodford Reserve bourbon whiskey distillery begins operation in Kentucky .
In Ireland, Lady Berry, who is sentenced to death for the murder of her son, is released when she agrees to become an executioner (she retires in 1810 ).
The Jameson Irish Whiskey distillery is founded in Dublin, Ireland.
The original Craven Cottage is built by William Craven, 6th Baron Craven , in London, on what will become the centre circle of Fulham F.C. 's pitch.
The amateur dramatic group Det Dramatiske Selskab is founded in Christiania , Norway.
Western countries pay 16,000,000 ounces of silver for Chinese goods.
The Kingdom of Great Britain reaches c.9 million population.
1781
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January – William Pitt the Younger , later Prime Minister of Great Britain , enters Parliament , aged 21.
January 1 – Industrial Revolution : The Iron Bridge opens across the River Severn in England.[ 12]
January 2 – Virginia passes a law ceding its western land claims , paving the way for Maryland to ratify the Articles of Confederation .
January 5 – American Revolutionary War : Richmond, Virginia is burned by British naval forces, led by Benedict Arnold .
January 6 – Battle of Jersey : British troops prevent the French from occupying Jersey in the Channel Islands .
January 17 – American Revolutionary War – Battle of Cowpens : The American Continental Army , under Daniel Morgan , decisively defeats British forces in South Carolina .[ 4]
February 2 – The Articles of Confederation are ratified by Maryland , the 13th and final state to do so.
February 3 – Fourth Anglo-Dutch War – Capture of Sint Eustatius : British forces take the Dutch Caribbean island of Sint Eustatius , with only a few shots fired. On November 26 it is retaken by Dutch-allied French forces.
March – Riots break out in Socorro, Santander , and spread to other towns.
March 1 – The United States Continental Congress implements the Articles of Confederation, forming its Perpetual Union as the United States in Congress Assembled.
March 13 – Sir William Herschel discovers the planet Uranus . Originally he calls it Georgium Sidus (George's Star), in honour of King George III of Great Britain .
March 15 – American Revolutionary War – Battle of Guilford Court House : American General Nathanael Greene loses to the British.
April 4 – American Revolutionary War: The Spanish capture the sloop-of-war HMS St Fermin off Málaga , Spain.
April 6 – The rebellion by Túpac Amaru II , against the Spanish colonial government of Peru, is ended as Tupac, his wife and two of his sons are captured at Checacupe .[ 13]
April 10 – Future U.S. President Andrew Jackson , age 14, is slashed by a British officer's sword at his home near Waxhaw, North Carolina , after refusing to clean the officer's boots, an event that leaves physical and psychological scars.[ 14]
April 14 – The Continental Congress votes a resolution thanking U.S. Captain John Paul Jones for his services.[ 15]
April 18 – Future New York mayor James Duane , North Carolina representative William Sharpe and future Connecticut governor Oliver Wolcott deliver the first report to the U.S. Continental Congress about the national debt and report it to be 24,057,157 and 2/5 dollars.[ 16]
April 25 – American Revolutionary War: The Battle of Hobkirk's Hill takes place in Camden, South Carolina
May 9 – General John Campbell , defender of the British colony of West Florida , surrenders the capital at Pensacola to Spanish forces commanded by Bernardo de Galvez .[ 17]
May 18 – A Spanish army sent from Lima puts down the Inca rebellions, and captures and savagely executes Túpac Amaru II .
June 4 – The commission[which? ] agrees to the rebels'[where? ] terms: reduction of the alcabala and of the Indians' forced tribute, abolition of the new taxes on tobacco, and preference for Criollos over peninsulares in government positions.
June 12 – Ohmiya (近江屋), as predecessor for Takeda , a major worldwide pharmaceutical brand , is founded in Doshomachi (道修町), Osaka , Japan .[page needed ]
September 5 : Battle of the Chesapeake
October 12 – The first bagpipes competition is held in the Masonic Arms, Falkirk , Scotland.
October 19 – American Revolution : Following the Siege of Yorktown , General Charles Cornwallis surrenders to General George Washington at Yorktown, Virginia , ending the armed struggle of the American Revolution.
October 20 – A Patent of Toleration , providing limited freedom of worship , is approved in the Habsburg monarchy .
November 5 – John Hanson is elected President of the Continental Congress .
November 29
December – A school is founded in Washington County, Pennsylvania that will later be known as Washington & Jefferson College .[ 19]
December 12 – American Revolutionary War – Second Battle of Ushant : The British Royal Navy , commanded by Rear Admiral Richard Kempenfelt in HMS Victory , decisively defeats the French fleet in the Bay of Biscay .
1782
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January 7 – The first American commercial bank (Bank of North America ) opens.
January 15 – Superintendent of Finance Robert Morris goes before the United States Congress to recommend establishment of a national mint and decimal coinage.
January 23 – The Laird of Johnstone (George Ludovic Houston) invites people to buy marked plots of land which, when built upon, form the planned town of Johnstone , Scotland, to provide employment for his thread and cotton mills .
February 5 – The Spanish defeat British forces and capture Menorca .
February 6 – Singu Min is overthrown as king of Myanmar by his cousin Phaungka Min and 8 days later will be executed by his uncle Bodawpayar .
February 18 – Fourth Anglo-Dutch War : Shirley's Gold Coast expedition lands at Elmina on the Dutch Gold Coast . The British expedition fails to take the fort here but over the next several weeks seizes, with minimal resistance, four small Dutch forts.
February 27 – The British House of Commons votes against further war in America , paving the way for the Second Rockingham ministry and the Peace of Paris .
March 8 – Gnadenhutten massacre : In Ohio , 29 Native American men, 27 women, and 34 children are killed by colonial militiamen in retaliation for raids carried out by another Native American group.
March 14 – Battle of Wuchale : Emperor Tekle Giyorgis pacifies a group of Oromo near Wuchale .
March 27 – Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham becomes Prime Minister of Great Britain .[ 20]
March 31 (Easter Sunday ) – Mission San Buenaventura is founded in Las Californias , part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain .
April 12 : Battle of the Saintes .
April 12 – Battle of the Saintes : A British fleet under Admiral Sir George Rodney defeats a French fleet under the Comte de Grasse , in the West Indies .
April 19 – John Adams secures recognition of the United States as an independent government by the Dutch Republic . During this visit, he also negotiates a loan of five million guilders , financed by Nicolaas van Staphorst and Wilhelm Willink .
April 21 – A Lak Mueang (city pillar) is erected on Rattanakosin Island , located on the eastern bank of the Chao Phraya River , by order of King Rama I , an act considered the founding of the capital city of Bangkok .
May 17 – The Parliament of Great Britain passes the Repeal of Act for Securing Dependence of Ireland Act , a major component of the reforms collectively known as the Constitution of 1782 , which restore legislative independence to the Parliament of Ireland .[ 21] [ 22]
June 18 – In Switzerland, Anna Göldi is sentenced to death for witchcraft (the last legal witchcraft sentence).
June 20 – The bald eagle is chosen as the emblem of the United States of America. On the same day, the Confederation Congress adopts the design for the Great Seal of the United States .[ 23]
Chief Kamehameha I of Hawaii gains control of the northern part of the island of Hawaii , after defeating his cousin Kīwalaʻō .
Princess Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova is the first woman in the world to direct a scientific academy, the Imperial Academy of Arts and Sciences .
London creates the Foot Patrol for public security.
The British Parliament extends James Watt 's patent for the steam engine to the year 1800 .
The North Carolina General Assembly incorporates Washington, North Carolina .
In China, the Complete Library of the Four Treasuries is completed, the largest literary compilation in China's history (surpassing the Yongle Encyclopedia of the 15th century). The books are bound in 36,381 volumes (册) with more than 79,000 chapters (卷), comprising about 2.3 million pages, and approximately 800 million Chinese characters .
The first theater in the Baltic, the Riga City Theater , is founded.
Saint Petersburg , Russia has 300,000 inhabitants.
1783
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January 20 – At Versailles , Great Britain signs preliminary peace treaties with the Kingdom of France and the Kingdom of Spain.[ 30]
January 23 – The Confederation Congress ratifies two October 8, 1782, treaties signed by the United States with the United Netherlands.[ 31]
February 3 – American Revolutionary War : Great Britain acknowledges the independence of the United States of America. At this time, the Spanish government does not grant diplomatic recognition.
February 4 – American Revolutionary War : Great Britain formally declares that it will cease hostilities with the United States.
February 5 – 1783 Calabrian earthquakes : The first of a sequence of five earthquakes strikes Calabria , Italy (February 5–7, March 1 & 28), leaving 50,000 dead.
February 7 – The Great Siege of Gibraltar is abandoned.
February 26 – The United States Continental Army 's Corps of Engineers is disbanded.
March 5 – The last celebration of Massacre Day is held in Boston , Massachusetts.
March 15 – Newburgh Conspiracy : A potential uprising in the Continental Army stationed at Newburgh, New York , is defused, when George Washington asks the officers to support the supremacy of the United States Congress .
April – General George Washington sends a letter to the 13 governors of the Confederation of the United States, regarding the needs of the nation.[ 32]
April 3 – A Peace and Commercial Treaty is signed between the newly-formed United States and Sweden in Paris, among the first acts of state concluded between the U.S. and a foreign power.[ 33]
April 8 – The Crimean Khanate , which has existed since 1441 and is a late remnant of the Mongol Golden Horde , is annexed by the Russian Empire of Catherine the Great .
April 9 –28 – Second Anglo-Mysore War : Siege of Bednore – Tipu Sultan of Mysore with 100,000 troops besieges 1600 British East India Company troops who are obliged to surrender with honours of war .
April 15 – Preliminary articles of peace ending the American Revolutionary War are ratified by the Congress of the Confederation in the United States.
April 18 – Three-Fifths Compromise : The first instance of black slaves in the United States of America being counted as three fifths of persons (for the purpose of taxation), is included in a resolution of the Congress of the Confederation (this is later adopted in the 1787 Constitution).
May 13 – The Society of the Cincinnati , a fraternal organization for American veterans of the American Revolution, is formed in Newburgh, New York .[ 32]
May 18 – The first United Empire Loyalists , fleeing the new United States, reach Parrtown in Saint John, New Brunswick , Canada.
May 26 – A Great Jubilee Day , celebrating the end of the American Revolution , is held in Trumbull, Connecticut .
June 4 or June 5 – The Montgolfier brothers publicly demonstrate their hot air balloon at Annonay , France.
June 8 – The volcano Laki in Iceland begins an 8-month eruption, starting the chain of natural disasters known as the Móðuharðindin , killing tens of thousands throughout Europe, including up to 33% of Iceland's population, and causing widespread famine. It has been described as one of "the greatest environmental catastrophes in European history ".[ 34]
July 16 – Grants of land in Canada to American Loyalists are announced.
July 24 – The Treaty of Georgievsk is signed between Imperial Russia and the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti , making Georgia a protectorate of Russia.
August 4 – Mount Asama , the most active volcano in Japan , begins a climactic eruption, killing roughly 1,400 people directly and exacerbating a famine, resulting in another 20,000 deaths (Tenmei eruption ).
August 10 – The British East India Company packet ship Antelope (1781) is wrecked off Ulong Island in the Palau (Pelew) group, resulting in the first sustained European contact with those islands.[ 35]
August 18 – The 1783 Great Meteor passes on a 1,000-mile track across the North Sea , Great Britain and France, prompting scientific discussion.
August 27 – Jacques Charles and Les Frères Robert launch the world's first hydrogen-filled balloon, Le Globe , in Paris.
September 3 – Peace of Paris : A treaty between the United States and Great Britain is signed in Paris, formally ending the American Revolutionary War , in which Britain recognizes the independence of the United States; and treaties are signed between Britain, France, and Spain at Versailles , ending hostilities with the Franco-Spanish Alliance.
September 9 – Dickinson College is chartered in Carlisle, Pennsylvania .
October 3 – The first Waterford Crystal glassmaking business begins production in Waterford , Ireland.
October 17 – Mozart 's Great Mass is first performed, in Salzburg , Austria .
November 2 – In Rocky Hill, New Jersey , United States General George Washington gives his Farewell Address to the Army .
November 3 – The American Continental Army is disbanded as the first act of business by the Confederation Congress , after Thomas Mifflin is elected the new President to succeed Elias Boudinot.[ 32]
November 21 – In Paris, Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier and François Laurent, marquis d'Arlandes , make the first untethered hot air balloon flight (flight time: 25 minutes, Maximum height: 900 m).
November 24 – In Spain, the Cedula of Population is signed, stating that anyone who will swear fealty to Spain and is of the Roman Catholic faith is welcome to populate Trinidad and Tobago .
November 25 – American Revolutionary War : The last British troops leave New York City and George Washington triumphantly returns, three months after the signing of the Treaty of Paris .
November 27 – English rector John Michell concludes that some stars might have enough gravity force to prevent light escaping from them, so he calls them "dark stars ".
November 29 – 1783 New Jersey earthquake : An earthquake of 5.3 magnitude strikes New Jersey .
December 1 – Jacques Charles and Nicolas-Louis Robert make the first manned flight in a hydrogen-filled gas balloon in Paris.
December 4 – At Fraunces Tavern in New York City, U.S. General George Washington formally bids his officers farewell.
December 23 : General George Washington Resigning His Commission
1784
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Britain receives its first bales of imported American cotton .
King Carlos III of the Spanish Empire authorizes land grants in Alta California .
Princess Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova is named first president of the newly created Russian Academy .
The North Carolina General Assembly incorporates the town of Morgansborough, named for Daniel Morgan . The town is designated as the county seat for Burke County, North Carolina and is subsequently renamed Morgan , later shortened to Morganton .
The North Carolina General Assembly changes the name of Kingston, North Carolina, originally named for King George III of Great Britain , to Kinston .
The Japanese famine continues as 300,000 die of starvation.
A huge locust swarm hits South Africa .
Foundation of the first theater in Estonia, the Tallinna saksa teater .
Benjamin Franklin invents bifocal spectacles .
Benjamin Franklin tries in vain to persuade the French to alter their clocks in winter to take advantage of the daylight.
Antoine Lavoisier pioneers quantitative chemistry.
Cholesterol is isolated.
Carl Friedrich Gauss pioneers the field of summation with the formula summing at the age of 7.
Madame du Coudray , pioneer of modern midwifery, retires.
1785
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January 1
January 7 – Frenchman Jean-Pierre Blanchard and American John Jeffries travel from Dover , England to Calais , France in a hydrogen gas balloon , becoming the first to cross the English Channel by air.
January 11 – Richard Henry Lee is elected as President of the U.S. Congress of the Confederation.[ 47]
January 20 – Battle of Rạch Gầm-Xoài Mút : Invading Siamese forces, attempting to exploit the political chaos in Vietnam , are ambushed and annihilated at the Mekong River, by the Tây Sơn .
January 27 – The University of Georgia in the United States is chartered by the Georgia General Assembly meeting in Savannah . The first students are admitted in Athens, Georgia in 1801.
February 9 – Sir Warren Hastings , who has been governing India on behalf of King George III as the Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William (later British India ), resigns. Sir John Macpherson administers British India until General Charles Cornwallis arrives 19 months later.[ 48]
February 27 – The Confederation Congress votes an $80,000 expense to establish diplomatic relations with Morocco .[ 49]
March 7 – Scottish geologist James Hutton first presents his landmark work, Theory of the Earth ; or an Investigation of the Laws observable in the Composition, Dissolution, and Restoration of Land upon the Globe to the Royal Society of Edinburgh .[ 50]
General Henry Knox is appointed as the Confederation Congress's Secretary of War, with added duties as the Secretary of Navy, both functions now of the U.S. Department of Defense.[ 47]
March 10
April 19 – The Commonwealth of Massachusetts cedes all of its claims to territory west of New York State to the United States Confederation Congress. The area will become the southern portions of Michigan and Wisconsin.[ 52] [ 47]
April 21 – The Empress Catherine the Great of the Russian Empire issues the Charter to the Towns, providing for "a coherent, unified system of administration" for new governments organized in Russia.
April 26 – John Adams is appointed as the U.S. ambassador to the United Kingdom, and Thomas Jefferson as ambassador to France.[ 53]
April 28 – Astronomer William Herschel begins his second series of surveys of the stars, published in 1789.[ 54]
May 10 – A hot air balloon crashes in Tullamore , Ireland, causing a fire that burns down about 100 houses, making it the world's first aviation disaster (by 36 days).[ 55]
May 20 – The Northwest Ordinance of 1785 , setting the rules for dividing the U.S. Northwest Territory (later Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin and Michigan) into townships of 36 square miles apiece, is passed by the Confederation Congress. Walter G. Robillard and Lane J. Bouman, Clark on Surveying and Boundaries (LexisNexis, 1997) The survey system will later be applied to the continent west of the Mississippi River.[ 47]
May 23 – Benjamin Franklin receives a patent for bifocals .
June 3 – The Continental Navy is disbanded.
June 15 – After several attempts, Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier and his companion, Pierre Romain, set off in a balloon from Boulogne-sur-Mer , but the balloon suddenly deflates (without the envelope catching fire) and crashes near Wimereux in the Pas-de-Calais, killing both men, making it the first fatal aviation disaster.
October 5 – Vincenzo Lunardi of Italy becomes the first person to pilot a balloon over Scotland .[ 60]
October 13
The first newspaper in British India, the English-language Madras Courier , is published. It continues publication as a weekly until 1794.[ 61]
France mints new Louis d'or coins, with the image of King Louis XVI on the obverse, and one-sixth less gold than the coins with King Louis XV's image.[ 62]
October 17 – The Commonwealth of Virginia stops the importation of new African slaves by declaring that "No persons shall henceforth be slaves within this commonwealth, except such as were so on the seventeenth day of October, 1785, and the descendants of the females of them." [ 63]
October 18 – Benjamin Franklin takes office as the new President of the Supreme Council of Pennsylvania , at the time the equivalent of a republic as one of the 13 independent governments of the United States of America under the Articles of Confederation .[ 59]
November 23 – John Hancock of Massachusetts, the former President of the Continental Congress, is selected as the new President of the Congress of the Confederation, but is unable to take office because of illness.[ 47]
November 28 – The Treaty of Hopewell is signed between the United States of America and the Cherokee Nation .
December 11 – An edict is issued limiting Masonic lodges throughout the Holy Roman Empire by Emperor Joseph II . With the exception of Vienna , Budapest and Prague , no Empire province may have more than one lodge.[ 64]
1786
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July 14 – Convention of London between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Spain : British settlements on the Mosquito Coast of Central America are to be evacuated; Spain expands the territory available to the British in Belize on the Yucatán Peninsula , for cutting mahogany .
July 31 – The 'Kilmarnock volume ' of Robert Burns ' Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect is published in Scotland .[ 75]
August
August 1 – Caroline Herschel discovers a comet (the first discovered by a woman) from England.
August 8 – Mont Blanc is climbed for the first time, by Michel-Gabriel Paccard and Jacques Balmat .
August 11 – Captain Francis Light acquires the island of Penang from the Sultan of Kedah on behalf of the British East India Company , renaming it Prince of Wales Island in honour of the heir to the British throne ,[ 76] and establishing the settlement of George Town . This is the first colony of the British Empire in Southeast Asia.
August 17 – Frederick William , the paternal nephew of Frederick the Great, becomes King of Prussia as Frederick William II.
August 18 – The Kingdom of Denmark (including Norway ) charters six settlements in Iceland to trade with it, thus ending the Danish–Icelandic Trade Monopoly , and founding Reykjavík .
August 29 – Shays' Rebellion begins in Massachusetts .
September–December – Goethe undertakes his Italian Journey (published in 1817 ).
September 2 – A hurricane strikes Barbados .
September 11 –14 – The Annapolis Convention is held by delegates from six of the 13 states (Maryland, Virginia, Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey and New York) resulting in the scheduling of the Philadelphia Convention to draft a national constitution.[ 74]
September 14 – Connecticut cedes to the United States all of its claims to lands between the 41st and 42nd parallels north and west of the Connecticut Western Reserve .[ 74]
September 26 – Eden Agreement : A commercial treaty is signed between the Kingdoms of Great Britain and France.[ 77]
Östersund
1787
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January 9 – The North Carolina General Assembly authorizes nine commissioners to purchase 100 acres (0.40 km2 ) of land for the seat of Chatham County . The town is named Pittsborough (later shortened to Pittsboro ), for William Pitt the Younger .
January 11 – William Herschel discovers Titania and Oberon , two moons of Uranus .
January 19 – Mozart 's Symphony No. 38 is premièred in Prague .
February 2 – Arthur St. Clair of Pennsylvania is chosen as the new President of the Congress of the Confederation.[ 84]
February 4 – Shays' Rebellion in Massachusetts fails.
February 21 – The Confederation Congress sends word to the 13 states that a convention will be held in Philadelphia on May 14 to revise the Articles of Confederation.[ 84]
February 28 – A charter is granted, establishing the institution which will become the University of Pittsburgh .
March 3 – By a vote of 33 to 29, Harrisburg is approved as the new capital of Pennsylvania .[ 85]
March 17 – The Bank of North America , the central bank of the United States government under the Articles of Confederation , is re-incorporated after its charter had expired in 1786.[ 85] [ 86]
March 28 – In the British House of Commons, Henry Beaufoy files the first motion to repeal the Test Act 1673 , which restricts the rights of non-members of the Church of England.;[ 87] Beaufoy's motion is rejected, and the Act is not repealed until 1829.
March 30 – Biblical theology becomes a separate discipline from biblical studies, as Johann Philipp Gabler delivers his speech "On the proper distinction between biblical and dogmatic theology and the specific objectives of each" upon his inauguration as the professor of theology at the University of Altdorf in Germany.[ 88]
April 2 – A Charter of Justice is signed, providing the authority for the establishment of the first New South Wales (i.e. Australian) Courts of Criminal and Civil Jurisdiction .
May 7 – The New Church (Swedenborgian) is founded in England.
May 13 – Captain Arthur Phillip leaves Portsmouth , England, with the 11 ships of the First Fleet , carrying around 700 convicts and at least 300 crew and guards to establish a penal colony in Australia.
May 14 – In Philadelphia , delegates begin arriving for a Constitutional Convention .[ 84]
May 22 – In Britain, Thomas Clarkson and Granville Sharp found the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade , with support from John Wesley , Josiah Wedgwood and others.
May 25 – In Philadelphia , delegates begin to convene the Constitutional Convention , intended to amend the Articles of Confederation (however, a new United States Constitution is eventually produced). George Washington presides over the Convention.
May – Orangist troops attack Vreeswijk , Harmelen and Maarssen ; civil war starts in the Dutch Republic .
May 31 – The original Lord's Cricket Ground in London holds its first cricket match;[ 89] Marylebone Cricket Club founded.[ 90]
June 20 – Oliver Ellsworth moves at the Federal Convention that the government be called the United States.
June 28 – Princess Wilhelmina of Orange , sister of King Frederick William II of Prussia , is captured by Dutch Republican patriots , taken to Goejanverwellesluis and not allowed to travel to The Hague .
October 1 – Russo-Turkish War – Battle of Kinburn : Alexander Suvorov , though sustaining a wound, routs the Turks.
October 27 – The first of The Federalist Papers , a series of essays calling for ratification of the U.S. Constitution , is published in The Independent Journal , a New York newspaper.
October 29 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 's opera Don Giovanni (libretto by Lorenzo Da Ponte ) premieres in the Estates Theatre in Prague .
November 1 – The first secondary education school open to girls in Sweden, Societetsskolan , is founded in Gothenburg.
November 21 – Treaty of Versailles signed, forming an alliance between the Kingdom of France and the Lord Nguyễn Phúc Ánh , future Emperor of Vietnam.
December 3 – James Rumsey demonstrates his water-jet propelled boat on the Potomac River .
December 7 – Delaware ratifies the Constitution, and becomes the first U.S. state .
December 8 – La Purisima Mission is founded by Padre Fermín Lasuén as the eleventh of the Spanish missions in California .
December 12 – Pennsylvania becomes the second U.S. state .
December 18 – New Jersey becomes the third U.S. state .
December 23 – Captain William Bligh sets sail from England for Tahiti , on HMS Bounty .[ 89]
1788
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January 1 – The first edition of The Times , previously The Daily Universal Register , is published in London .[ 94]
January 2 – Georgia ratifies the United States Constitution , and becomes the fourth U.S. state under the new government.
January 9 – Connecticut ratifies the United States Constitution , and becomes the fifth U.S. state .
January 18 – The leading ship (armed tender HMS Supply ) in Captain Arthur Phillip 's First Fleet arrives at Botany Bay , to colonise Australia.
January 22 – The Congress of the Confederation , effectively a caretaker government until the United States Constitution can be ratified by at least nine of the 13 states, elects Cyrus Griffin as its last president .[ 95]
January 24 – The La Perouse expedition in the Astrolabe and Boussole arrives off Botany Bay , just as Captain Arthur Phillip is attempting to move his colony from there to Sydney Cove in Port Jackson .
January 26 – Australia Day : Eleven ships of the First Fleet from Botany Bay , led by Captain Arthur Phillip , land at Sydney Cove (which will become Sydney), Australia, where he determines to establish the British prison colony of New South Wales , the first permanent European settlement on the continent.
January 31 – Henry Benedict Stuart becomes the new Stuart claimant to the throne of Great Britain, as King Henry IX and the figurehead of Jacobitism .
February 1 – Isaac Briggs and William Longstreet patent a steamboat .
February 6 – Massachusetts ratifies the United States Constitution , and becomes the sixth U.S. state .
February 7 – Sydney is named and founded, by the British Colony of New South Wales.
February 9 – Austria enters the Russo-Turkish War (1787–92) , and attacks Moldavia .
February 17 – The uninhabited Lord Howe Island is discovered by the brig HMS Supply , commanded by Lieutenant Ball , who is on his way from Botany Bay to Norfolk Island with convicts to start a penal settlement there. They arrive at Norfolk Island on March 6 .
March 10 – The La Perouse expedition leaves Sydney Cove for New Caledonia , never to be seen again.
March 14 – The Edinburgh Evening Courant carries a notice of £200 reward for the capture of William Brodie , a town councilor doubling as a burglar.
March 21 – The Great New Orleans Fire kills 25% of the population and destroys 856 buildings, including St. Louis Cathedral and The Cabildo , leaving most of the town in ruins.
April 7 – American pioneers establish the town of Marietta (in modern-day Ohio ), the first permanent American settlement outside the original Thirteen Colonies .
April 13 – America's first recorded riot, the 'Doctors' Mob ', begins. Residents of Manhattan are angry about grave robbers stealing bodies for doctors to dissect. The rioting is suppressed on April 15 .
April 28 – Maryland ratifies the United States Constitution , and becomes the seventh U.S. state .
May 10 – The Royal Dramatic Theatre (Kungliga Dramatiska Teatern ), Sweden 's national drama company, is founded.
May 15 – The Australian frontier wars begin.
May 23 – South Carolina ratifies the United States Constitution , and becomes the eighth U.S. state .
June 7 – France: Day of the Tiles , which some consider the beginning of the French Revolution .
June 9 – The African Association , an exploration group dedicated to plotting the Niger River and finding Timbuktu , is founded in England.
June 17 – English captains Thomas Gilbert and John Marshall , returning from Botany Bay , become the first Europeans to encounter the Gilbert Islands in the Pacific Ocean.[ 96] They also chart islands in "Lord Mulgrove's range", later known as the Marshall Islands .
June 21 – New Hampshire ratifies the United States Constitution , and becomes the ninth U.S. state , enabling the Constitution to go into effect. (The latter happens on March 4 , 1789 , when the first Congress elected under the new Constitution assembles.)
June 25 – The Virginia Ratifying Convention ratifies the United States Constitution , and becomes the tenth U.S. state under the new government.
June 26 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart , in Vienna , completes his antepenultimate symphony, now called the Symphony No. 39 in E-flat .
June 27 – The Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) breaks out following a staged attack on Swedish troops in Puumala , present-day Finland.
July 13 – A hailstorm sweeps across France and the Dutch Republic , with hailstones 'as big as quart bottles' that take 'three days to melt'; immense damage is done.[ 97]
July 24 – Governor General Lord Dorchester , by proclamation issued from the Chateau St. Louis in Quebec City , divides the British Province of Quebec into five Districts, namely: Gaspé, Nassau , Lunenburg , Mecklenburg , and Hesse .
July 26 – New York ratifies the United States Constitution , and becomes the eleventh U.S. state .
July 28 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart , in Vienna , completes his penultimate symphony, now called the Symphony No. 40 in G Minor .
August 8 – King Louis XVI of France agrees to convene the Estates-General meeting in May 1789 , the first time since 1614 .
August 10 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart , in Vienna , completes his final symphony, now called the Symphony No. 41 in C Major , and nicknamed (after his death) The Jupiter.
August 12 – The Anjala conspiracy is signed.[ 98]
August 27 – The trial of Deacon William Brodie for burglary begins in Edinburgh , Scotland; he is sentenced to death by hanging.
September 13 – The United States Congress of the Confederation passes an act providing a timeline for the voting for the first President under the new U.S. Constitution.[ 99]
September 21 – Austro-Turkish War - Battle of Karánsebes : The Austrian army engages in a friendly-fire incident, which results in mass casualties.
September 24 – The Theater War begins, when the army of Denmark–Norway invades Sweden.
Annual British iron production reaches 68,000 tons.
1789
This section is
transcluded from
1789 .
(edit | history )
French Revolution : June 20 : Tennis Court Oath , drawing by David .
January – Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès publishes the pamphlet What Is the Third Estate? (Qu'est-ce que le tiers-état? ), influential on the French Revolution .
January 7 – The 1788-89 United States presidential election and House of Representatives elections are held.
January 9 – Treaty of Fort Harmar : The terms of the Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784) and the Treaty of Fort McIntosh , between the United States Government and certain native American tribes, are reaffirmed, with some minor changes.
January 21 – The first American novel , The Power of Sympathy or the Triumph of Nature Founded in Truth , is printed in Boston , Massachusetts . The anonymous author is William Hill Brown .
January 23 – Georgetown University is founded in Georgetown, Maryland (part of modern-day Washington, D.C.), as the first Roman Catholic college in the United States.
January 29 – In Vietnam , Emperor Quang Trung crushes the Chinese Qing forces in Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa . It is considered one of the greatest victories in Vietnamese military history.[ 104]
February – King Gustav III of Sweden enforces the Union and Security Act , delivering the coup de grace to Sweden 's 70-year-old parliamentarian system, in favor of absolute monarchy .
February 4 – George Washington is unanimously elected the first president of the United States, by the United States Electoral College .
March
March 4 – At Federal Hall in New York City, the 1st United States Congress meets, and declares the new United States Constitution to be in effect. The bicameral United States Congress replaces the unicameral Congress of the Confederation , as the legislature of the federal government of the United States .
March 10 – In Japan , the Menashi–Kunashir rebellion begins between the Ainu people and Japanese.[ 108]
March 11 – The Venetian arsenal on the island of Corfu , containing 72,000 pounds (33,000 kg) of gunpowder and 600 bombshells, explodes during a fire, killing 180 bystanders and knocking down a seawall.[ 109]
April 28 : Mutiny on the Bounty .
April 30 : First President of the United States, George Washington , inaugurated.
July
An estimated 150,000 of Paris's 600,000 people are without work.
Storofsen flood in Norway.
July 1 – The comic ballet La fille mal gardée , choreographed by Jean Dauberval , is first presented under the title Le ballet de la paille , at the Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux , at Bordeaux , France.
July 4 – The U.S. Congress passes its first bill, setting out tariffs.[ 110]
July 9
July 10 – Alexander Mackenzie reaches the Mackenzie River Delta.
July 11 – Louis XVI of France dismisses popular Chief Minister Jacques Necker .
July 12 – An angry Parisian crowd, inflamed by a speech from journalist Camille Desmoulins , demonstrates against the King's decision to dismiss Minister Necker.
July 13 – The people begin to seize arms for the defense of Paris.
July 14 : Storming of the Bastille .
July 14
July 27 – The first agency of the Federal government of the United States under the new Constitution, the Department of Foreign Affairs [ 110] (on September 15 renamed the Department of State ), is established.
August 4 – In France, members of the Constituent Assembly take an oath to end feudalism and abandon their privileges.
August 7 – The United States Department of War is established.[ 111]
August 18 – The Liège Revolution breaks out in the Prince-Bishopric of Liège .
August 21 – A proposal for a Bill of Rights is adopted by the United States House of Representatives .[ 112] [ 113]
August 24 – The first naval battle of the Svensksund begins in the Gulf of Finland .[ 114]
August 26 – The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen is proclaimed in France by the Constituent Assembly.
August 28 – William Herschel discovers Enceladus , one of Saturn 's moons.
September 2 – The United States Department of the Treasury is founded.[ 110]
September 11 – Alexander Hamilton is appointed as the first United States Secretary of the Treasury .
September 22
September 24 – The Judiciary Act of 1789 establishes the federal judiciary, and the United States Marshals Service .[ 115]
September 25 – The United States Congress proposes a set of 12 amendments to the U.S. Constitution, for ratification by the states.[ 110] Ratification for 10 of these proposals is completed on December 5, 1791, creating the United States Bill of Rights .
September 26 – Thomas Jefferson , U.S. Minister to France, is appointed as the first U.S. Secretary of State.[ 110]
September 29 – The U.S. Department of War establishes the nation's first regular army , with a strength of several hundred men.
Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor , decrees that all peasant labor obligations be converted into cash payments.
The Qajar dynasty establish themselves as rulers in Iran .
The Traité Élémentaire de Chimie (Elementary Treatise of Chemistry), an influential chemistry textbook by Antoine Lavoisier , is published; translated into English in 1790 , it comes to be considered the first modern chemical textbook.
German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth discovers the element uranium , while studying the mineral pitchblende .
The Bengal Presidency first establishes a penal colony , in the Andaman Islands .
Famine in Ethiopia .
Thomas Jefferson returns from Europe, bringing the first macaroni machine to the United States.
Influenced by Benjamin Rush 's argument against the excessive use of alcohol, about 200 farmers in a Connecticut community form a temperance movement in the United States .
Fort Washington (Cincinnati, Ohio) is built to protect early U.S. settlements in the Northwest Territory .
Former slave Olaudah Equiano 's autobiography The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano , one of the earliest published works by a black writer, is published in London.[ 116]
Peggy of Castletown, Isle of Man , the world's oldest surviving private yacht , is built.
The pedal-powered tricycle is invented by two Frenchmen, Blanchard and Maguier.
Births
1780
Carl von Clausewitz
January 13 – Pierre Jean Robiquet , French chemist (d. 1840 )
January 14 – Henry Baldwin , Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1844 )
February 1 – David Porter , American naval officer (d. 1843 )
February 3 – Mihail G. Boiagi , Aromanian grammarian and professor (d. uncertain)[ 117]
February 19 – Richard McCarty , American politician (d. 1844 )
February 25 – John Sumner , Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1862 )
March 25 – Joseph Ritner , American politician (d. 1869 )
March 29 – Jørgen Jørgensen , Danish adventurer (d. 1841 )
April 7 – William Ellery Channing , influential American Unitarian theologian and minister (d. 1842 )
April 26 – Gotthilf Heinrich von Schubert , German naturalist (d. 1860 )
April 29 – Charles Nodier , French author (d. 1844 )
May 1 – John McKinley , American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1852 )
May 21 – Elizabeth Fry , British humanitarian (d. 1845 )
May 29 – Henri Braconnot , French chemist, pharmacist (d. 1855 )
June 1 – Carl von Clausewitz , Prussian military strategist (d. 1831 )
July 4 – Sofia Hjärne , Finnish baroness, writer (d. 1860 )
July 5 – François Carlo Antommarchi , French physician (d. 1838 )
July 15 – Emilie Petersen , Swedish philanthropist (d. 1859 )
July 27 – Anastasio Bustamante , 4th President of Mexico (d. 1853 )
August 29
October 20 – Pauline Bonaparte , Italian noblewoman (d. 1825 )
October 28 – Ernst Anschütz , German teacher, organist, poet, and composer (d. 1861 )
November 13 – Ranjit Singh , Maharaja of The Punjab (Sikh Empire ), (d. 1839 )[ 118]
December 13 – Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner , German chemist (d. 1849 )
December 26 – Mary Fairfax Somerville , British mathematician (d. 1872 )
1781
Swaminarayan
George Stephenson
June 9 – George Stephenson , English engineer, designer of railway locomotives Locomotion No. 1 , Rocket (d. 1848 )
June 21 – Siméon Denis Poisson , French mathematician, physicist (d. 1840 )
July 6
July 27 – Mauro Giuliani , Italian composer (d. 1829 )
September 3 – Eugène de Beauharnais , French nobleman, son of Napoleon's wife Joséphine (d. 1824 )
September 5 – Anton Diabelli , Austrian music publisher, editor and composer (d. 1858 )[ 121]
October 5 – Bernard Bolzano , Czech philosopher and mathematician (d. 1848 )
November 1 – Joseph Karl Stieler , German painter (d. 1858 )
November 6
November 20 – Karl Friedrich Eichhorn , German jurist (d. 1854 )
November 29 – Andrés Bello , Venezuelan poet, lawmaker, teacher, philosopher, sociologist (d. 1865 )[ 122]
November 30 – Alexander Berry , Scottish adventurer, Australian pioneer (d. 1873 )
December 11 – Sir David Brewster , Scottish physicist (d. 1868 )
1782
Philipp Franz von Walther born 3 January
Stephen Lushington born 14 January
Afanasy Grigoriev born 21 January
Daniel Auber born 29 January
Fyodor Tolstoy born 6 February
Friedrich Ernst Ludwig von Fischer born 8 February
Malla Silfverstolpe born 8 February
William Miller born 15 February
Johann Baptist Emanuel Pohl born 23 February
Louise Antoinette Lannes born 26 February
Marie Thérèse Haze born 27 February
Suzanne le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau born 1 March
Johann Rudolf Wyss born 4 March
Ferdinand Gottlieb von Gmelin born 10 March
Orest Kiprensky born 13 March
Aglaé Auguié born 24 March
Caroline Bonaparte born 25 March
María Antonia Santos Plata born 10 April
Prince Teimuraz of Georgia born 23 April
William Darlington born 28 April
Charles-René Laitié born 6 May
Marcia Van Ness born 9 May
Johan Gustaf Sandberg born 13 May
Johann Rombauer born 28 May
Charles Waterton born 3 June
Marie-Anne-Julie Forestier born 13 June
Olry Terquem born 16 June
Charles Floyd born 20 June
Fortunée Briquet born 26 June
Pierre Berthier born 3 July
Rosa Morandi born 5 July
Maria Luisa, Duchess of Lucca born 6 July
Sophie Ørsted born 16 July
Mariano Enrique Calvo born 18 July
John Field born 26 July
Charles James Napier born 10 August
Charles Lowell born 15 August
Pierre-Luc-Charles Cicéri born 17 August
Prince Carl Gustav, Duke of Småland born 25 August
Christian Ludwig Nitzsch born 3 September
Marie of Baden born 7 September
Daoguang Emperor born 16 September
Christoph Hawich born 17 September
Stephen Price born 25 September
Richard Peek born 3 October
Charles Maclaren born 7 October
Steen Steensen Blicher born 11 October
Niccolò Paganini born 27 October
Lorenzo Maria of Saint Francis Xavier born 30 October
F. J. Robinson born 1 November
John Pye born 7 November
Joseph Kornhäusel born 13 November
Sophie Swetchine born 22 November
Karl Johann Bernhard Karsten born 26 November
Henry William Pickersgill born 3 December
Waleria Tarnowska born 9 December
Charles Nicolas Fabvier born 10 December
Hans Jakob Oeri born 16 December
Julius Vincenz von Krombholz born 19 December
Therese Brunetti born 24 December
Philaret Drozdov born 26 December
Matthias Joseph de Noël born 28 December
Konstantin Bulgakov born 31 December
January 1 – John Bell , British army officer (d. 1876 )
January 2
January 3
January 5 – Robert Morrison , British evangelist and first Protestant missionary in China (d. 1834 )
January 8
January 9 – Benning M. Bean , American politician (d. 1866 )
January 11 – Jean Laforgue , French scholar (d. 1852 )
January 12 – Martin Flint , American politician (d. 1855 )
January 13 – Robert Aspland , English Unitarian minister (d. 1845 )
January 14
January 15
January 18
January 19
January 20
January 21
January 22
January 23 – José Francisco Bermúdez , Venezuelan revolutionary (d. 1831 )
January 24 – Charles K. Williams , American politician (d. 1853 )
January 25 – Johann Michael Ackner , Austrian archaeologist (d. 1862 )
January 26
January 27
January 29
January 30
February 1 – Bill Johnston , American pirate (d. 1870 )
February 2
James Chalmers , alleged Scottish inventor of the adhesive postage stamp (d. 1853 )
Henri de Rigny , commander of the French squadron at the Battle of Navarino in the Greek War of Independence (d. 1835 )
February 3
February 4
February 6 – Fyodor Tolstoy , Russian explorer (d. 1846 )
February 8
February 9
February 10
February 11
February 12 – Auguste de Schonen , French politician (d. 1849 )
February 14
February 15
February 17 – Thomas Baxter , British artist (d. 1821 )
February 19
February 22
February 23
February 24 – Thomas Uwins , British artist (d. 1857 )
February 25 – William Sturgis , American merchant and politician (d. 1863 )
February 26 – Louise Antoinette Lannes, Duchess of Montebello , French noble (d. 1856 )
February 27 – Marie Thérèse Haze , Belgian Religious Sister and foundress, beatified (d. 1876 )
February 28 – Josef Božek , Czech engineer and inventor (d. 1835 )
March 1 – Suzanne le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau , French noblewoman (d. 1829 )
March 2
March 3
March 4
March 5 – Wacław Hański , Polish noble (d. 1841 )
March 6
March 7
March 8 – Nicoll Halsey , American politician (d. 1865 )
March 9 – Jean-François Boch , Luxembourgish industrialist and politician (d. 1858 )
March 10
March 13
March 14
March 16
March 17
March 18
March 19
March 20 – James Tod , English officer of the British East India Company, oriental scholar (d. 1835 )
March 21 – Józef Goldtmann , Polish priest (d. 1852 )
March 22 – James Parke, 1st Baron Wensleydale , British barrister and judge (d. 1868 )
March 23
March 24
March 25
March 26
March 29
March 31
April 1
April 2 – Johannes West , Inspector of Greenland (d. 1835 )
April 3
April 4
April 5
April 7 – Marie-Anne Libert , Belgian botanist and mycologist (d. 1865 )
April 9 – Joseph Hunter Bryan , American politician (d. 1839 )
April 10 – María Antonia Santos Plata , Neogranadine rebel leader & heroine (d. 1819 )
April 11 – Abraham Abell , Irish antiquarian (d. 1851 )
April 14 – Carlo Coccia , Italian composer (d. 1873 )
April 15 – Eleazer W. Ripley , American politician (d. 1839 )
April 16
April 17
April 18 – Georg August Goldfuss , German paleontologist, mineralogist, zoologist and botanist (d. 1848 )
April 21
April 23 – Prince Teimuraz of Georgia , Georgian royal prince and scholar (d. 1846 )
April 25 – Adriano Balbi , Italian geographer (d. 1848 )
April 26 – Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily , Queen of France (d. 1866 )[ 125]
April 27 – Jeptha Vining Harris , Georgia militia Brigadier General (d. 1856 )
April 28 – William Darlington , American physician, botanist, politician (d. 1863 )
April 29 – James Fowle Baldwin , American engineer (d. 1862 )
May 1 – Yevgeny Golovin , Russian general (d. 1858 )
May 4
May 5 – Edward Richard Stewart , British politician (d. 1851 )
May 6
May 8 – Ivan Paskevich , military leader of Ukrainian descent (d. 1856 )
May 9
May 10 – Louis-René Villermé , French economist (d. 1863 )
May 12 – Lippmann Moses Büschenthal , German poet (d. 1818 )
May 13
May 14
May 16 – John Sell Cotman , British artist (d. 1842 )
May 18
May 19
May 22 – Hirose Tansō , Japanese poet and writer (d. 1856 )
May 23
May 26
May 27 – Antoni Jan Ostrowski , Polish general (d. 1845 )
May 28
May 29 – James Murray, 1st Baron Glenlyon , British Army general (d. 1837 )
May 30 – John Spencer, 3rd Earl Spencer , British politician (d. 1845 )
May 31 – Thomas Courtenay , British politician (d. 1841 )
June 1
June 3 – Charles Waterton , English naturalist, explorer and conservationist (d. 1865 )
June 4
June 5
June 6 – Vicenta Moguel , Basque writer and translator (d. 1854 )
June 7 – Rowland Alston , English politician (d. 1865 )
June 8 – Seaton Grantland , American politician (d. 1864 )
June 9
June 10
June 11 – Richard Hill , Church of England clergyman in New South Wales (d. 1836 )
June 12
June 13
June 14 – Anton Aloys Wolf , Prince-Bishop of Laibach (Ljubljana) (d. 1859 )
June 15 – Alexander George Woodford , British Army officer (d. 1870 )
June 16
June 17 – Joseph Slater Jr. , British portrait painter and draughtsman (d. 1837 )
June 18
June 19 – Félicité de La Mennais , French priest, philosopher and political theorist (d. 1854 )
June 20 – Charles Floyd , American explorer (d. 1804 )
June 21 – Princess Maria Augusta of Saxony (d. 1863 )
June 24
June 25 – William O'Brien , Canadian political figure in Nova Scotia (d. 1851 )
June 26
June 29
June 30 – William Cathcart , Scottish naval officer (d. 1804 )
July 1 – Pieter Hendrik van Zuylen van Nijevelt , Dutch and French army general (d. 1825 )
July 2 – Adrien de Rougé , French statesman, soldier (d. 1838 )
July 3 – Pierre Berthier , French geologist (d. 1861 )
July 4 – Adèle Duchâtel , French court official (d. 1860 )
July 5
July 6
July 7
July 9
July 10 – Moses Elias Levy , Jewish-American businessman and reformer (d. 1854 )
July 12 – Étienne Marc Quatremère , French orientalist (d. 1857 )
July 13
July 14
July 16
July 17 – James Cockle , British surgeon (d. 1854 )
July 18 – Mariano Enrique Calvo , president and vice president of Bolivia (d. 1842 )
July 19
July 23 – Johann Heinrich Rosenplänter , Baltic German parish priest and linguist (d. 1846 )
July 24
July 25
July 26 – John Field , Irish pianist, composer and teacher (d. 1837 )
July 27 – Basilio Puoti , Italian lexicographer and literary critic (d. 1847 )
July 28
July 29
July 31 – Oliver H. Prince , American politician (d. 1837 )
August 1
August 2 – Johannes van Hooydonk , Dutch Roman Catholic clergyman and bishop (d. 1868 )
August 4 – John Kerr , member of the US House of Representatives (d. 1842 )
August 6 – William Spencer , American judge and politician (d. 1871 )
August 10
August 12 – Ole Johansen Winstrup , Danish engineer and inventor (d. 1867 )
August 13 – Conrad Ten Eyck , American politician (d. 1847 )
August 15
August 16 – Elderkin Potter , American politician and lawyer (d. 1845 )
August 17
August 18
August 20
August 23 – David Hudson , American politician (d. 1860 )
August 25
August 28
August 29
August 30 – Christian of the Palatinate-Zweibrücken , Bavarian general (d. 1859 )
August 31
September 1
September 2 – Myndert Van Schaick , American politician (d. 1865 )
September 3
September 5
September 6 – Doxachi Hurmuzachi , ethnic Romanian boyar from the Duchy of Bukovina (d. 1857 )
September 7
September 8
September 9
September 10 – John Ketcham , American politician (d. 1865 )
September 11
September 13 – William Wood , Scottish surgeon (d. 1858 )
September 14 – Christian Magnus Falsen , jurist, father of the Constitution of Norway and member of Stortinget (d. 1830 )
September 16
September 17 – Christoph Hawich , German lithographer and painter (d. 1848 )
September 18 – José Tomás Boves , Spanish general (d. 1815 )
September 19
September 20
September 22
September 23
September 24 – William Symonds , British Royal Navy admiral (d. 1856 )
September 25
September 27 – Thomas M. Nelson , American politician (d. 1853 )
September 28 – George Smith , English architect and surveyor (d. 1869 )
September 29 – Windham Quin, 2nd Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl , British politician (d. 1850 )
October 3
October 4 – James Wadmore , English art collector (d. 1853 )
October 6
October 7
October 8 – Robert Lucas Chance , British glass maker (d. 1865 )
October 9
October 11
October 12
October 13 – Joseph Nigg , Austrian artist (d. 1863 )
October 14 – James Gilmour , Canadian businessman (d. 1858 )
October 15 – James Elmes , English writer and architect (d. 1862 )
October 16
October 18
October 19 – J. T. Wedgwood , British engraver (d. 1856 )
October 20 – Christian Blom , Norwegian composer (d. 1861 )
October 24 – William Norton Shinn , American politician (d. 1871 )
October 25
October 26
October 27 – Niccolò Paganini , Italian violinist and composer (d. 1840 )
October 28 – Henry Meigs , American politician (d. 1861 )
October 30 – Lorenzo Maria of Saint Francis Xavier , Italian saint (d. 1856 )
November 1
November 2 – Eustoquio Díaz Vélez , Spanish-Argentine general (d. 1856 )
November 3 – Lewis Warrington , United States Secretary of the Navy (d. 1851 )
November 4
November 6 – Maha Bandula , Burmese general (d. 1825 )
November 7
November 11
November 12
November 13
November 16
November 17 – Conrad Graf , German piano maker (d. 1851 )
November 19 – John McCarty , American politician (d. 1851 )
November 20
November 21 – William Tippet , Anglo-Indian Judge and Magistrate (d. 1824 )
November 22
November 25
November 26
November 28 – John R. Drake , American politician (d. 1857 )
November 29 – Henry Walton Ellis , British Army officer (d. 1815 )
November 30 – Giuseppe Moretti , Italian botanist (d. 1853 )
December 2 – Gerard Thomas Noel , British cleric (d. 1851 )
December 3
December 5
December 7
December 9 – Waleria Tarnowska , Polish painter and art collector (d. 1849 )
December 10
December 11
December 12 – Marie-Victoire Baudry , Canadian superior general (d. 1846 )
December 13 – John Clitherow , British Army general (d. 1852 )
December 16
December 17 – James Fullarton , Scottish soldier who fought in the Kandyan Wars (d. 1834 )
December 19 – Julius Vincenz von Krombholz , Czech botanist, surgeon, doctor and mycologist (d. 1843 )
December 21
December 22 – Jean Bélanger , Canadian politician (d. 1827 )
December 23
December 24
December 25
December 26 – Philaret Drozdov , Russian bishop (d. 1867 )
December 27
December 28
December 29
December 30
December 31
1783
Washington Irving
John Crawfurd
Simón Bolívar
1784
George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen
January 28 – George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen , Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1860 )
February 5 – Nancy Hanks , mother of Abraham Lincoln (d. 1818 )
February 20 – John E. Wool , general officer in the United States Army , who served during the War of 1812 , Mexican–American War , and the American Civil War (d. 1869 )
February 29 – Leo von Klenze , German neoclassicist architect, painter and writer (d. 1864 )
March 12 – William Buckland , English geologist, paleontologist (d. 1856 )
March 22 – Samuel Hunter Christie , English physicist, mathematician (d. 1865 )
March 23 – Tom Molineaux , African-American boxer (d. 1818 )
Jonathan Jennings
March 27 – Jonathan Jennings , American politician and the first governor of Indiana (d. 1834 )
April 5 – Louis Spohr , German violinist, composer (d. 1859 )
April 13 – Friedrich Graf von Wrangel , Prussian field marshal (d. 1877 )
April 24 – Peter Vivian Daniel , Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1860 )
June 24 – Juan Antonio Lavalleja , Uruguayan military, political figure (d. 1853 )
July 21 – Charles Baudin , French admiral (d. 1854 )
July 22 – Friedrich Bessel , German mathematician, astronomer (d. 1846 )
July 27 – Denis Davydov , Russian general, poet (d. 1839 )
August 18 – Robert Taylor , British Radical writer, freethought advocate (d. 1844 )
September 4 – William Pope Duval , first civilian governor of the Florida Territory (d. 1854 )
October 13 – King Ferdinand VII of Spain (d. 1833 )
October 15 – Thomas Robert Bugeaud , Marshal of France and duke of Isly (d. 1849 )
October 19
Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston
1785
Jacob Grimm
John James Audubon
Oliver Hazard Perry
January 4
January 15 – William Prout English chemist, physician, and natural theologian (d. 1850 )
January 20 – Theodor Grotthuss , German-Lithuanian chemist (d. 1822 )
February 8 – Martín Miguel de Güemes Argentine military leader (d. 1821 )
February 10 – Claude-Louis Navier , French engineer, physicist (d. 1836 )
February 26 – Anna Sundström , Swedish chemist (d. 1871 )
March 11
March 17 – Ellen Hutchins , Irish botanist (d. 1815 )
March 27 – Louis XVII of France (d. 1795 )
April 4 – Bettina von Arnim , German poet (d. 1859 )
April 26 – John James Audubon , French-American naturalist, illustrator (d. 1851 )
April 29 – Karl Drais , German inventor, creator of a precursor to the bicycle (d. 1851 )
May 18 – John Wilson , Scottish writer (d. 1854 )
May 20 – Marcellin Champagnat , French Catholic saint (d. 1840 )
May 22 – John Hindmarsh , English naval officer, first Governor of South Australia (d. 1860 )
July 6 – William Jackson Hooker , English botanist (d. 1865 )
July 20 – Mahmud II , Ottoman sultan (d. 1839 )
August 15 – Thomas de Quincey , English writer (d. 1859 )
August 23 – Oliver Hazard Perry , American naval officer (d. 1819 )
August 27 – Agustín Gamarra , Peruvian general and politician, 10th and 14th President of Peru (d. 1841 )
September 27 – David Walker , African-American abolitionist (d. 1830 )
October 15 – José Miguel Carrera , Chilean general, founding father (d. 1821 )
October 17 – Gunatitanand Swami , born Mulji Sharma, Indian paramahamsa of the Hindu Swaminarayan Sampraday sect (d. 1867 )
October 18 – Thomas Love Peacock , English satirist (d. 1866 )
October 20 – George Ormerod , English historian and antiquarian (d. 1873 )
November 11 – Diponegoro , Javanese Prince (d. 1855 )
November 18 – David Wilkie , Scottish painter (d. 1841 )
November 21 – William Beaumont , American physician and surgeon (d. 1853 )
November 28 – Victor de Broglie , Prime Minister of France (d. 1870 )
December 17 – Dorothea Lieven , Latvian diplomat, politically active princess (d. 1857 )
December 23 – Christian Gobrecht , American engraver, designer of the United States Seated Liberty coinage (d. 1844 )
December 26 – Étienne Constantin de Gerlache , 1st Prime Minister of Belgium (d. 1871 )
1786
Maria Pavlovna of Russia
February 16 – Maria Pavlovna of Russia , Grand Duchess of Saxe-Weimar Eisenach (d. 1859 )
February 26 – François Arago , French astronomer, physicist and politician (d. 1853 )
February 24 – Wilhelm Grimm , German philologist and folklorist (d. 1859 )
March 4 – Agustina de Aragón , Spanish heroine (d. 1857 )
March 22 – Joachim Lelewel , Polish historian (d. 1861 )
March 25 – Giovanni Battista Amici , Italian astronomer, microscopist and botanist (d. 1863 )
April 16 – John Franklin , British naval officer and explorer (d. 1847 )
April 28 – Elizabeth Andrew Warren , Cornish botanist, marine algolologist (d. 1864 )
May 29 – Alexander Bryan Johnson , American philosopher (d. 1867 )
June 13 – Winfield Scott , American general, presidential candidate (d. 1866 )
June 26 – Sunthorn Phu , Thai poet (d. 1855 )
Davy Crockett
Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
1787
Joseph von Fraunhofer
January 1 – Manuel José Arce , Revolutionary General and first President of The Federal Republic of Central America (d. 1847 )
February 10 – William Bradley , Britain's tallest man ever at 7 ft 9 in. (d. 1820 )
February 23 – Emma Willard , American educator (d. 1870 )
March 6 – Joseph von Fraunhofer , German optician (d. 1826 )
March 9 – Josephine Kablick , Czech botanist, paleontologist (d. 1863 )
March 10 – Francisco de Paula Martínez de la Rosa y Berdejo , Prime Minister of Spain (d. 1862 )
March 11 – Ivan Nabokov , Russian General (d. 1852 )
April 26 – Ludwig Uhland , German poet (d. 1862 )[ 132]
May 25 – José María Bocanegra , 3rd President of Mexico (d. 1862 )
June 28 – Sir Harry Smith , English soldier, military commander (d. 1860 )
July 28 – Pedro Vélez , Mexican politician (d. 1848 )
August 24 – James Weddell , British sailor known for discovering the Weddell Sea (d. 1834 )
September 5 – François Sulpice Beudant , French mineralogist, geologist (d. 1850 )
October 4 , – François Guizot , Prime Minister of France (d. 1874 )
November 4 – Edmund Kean , English actor (d. 1833 )
November 7
Louis Daguerre
November 18 – Louis Daguerre , French artist, chemist (d. 1851 )
November 21 – Samuel Cunard , Canadian business, prominent Nova Scotian, founder of the Cunard Line (d. 1865 )
November 25 – Franz Xaver Gruber , Austrian composer (d. 1863 )
December 10 – Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet , American educator (d. 1851 )
December 11 – Macacha Güemes , Argentine heroine (d. 1866 )
December 16 – Mary Russell Mitford , English novelist and dramatist (d. 1855 )[ 133]
December 17 – Jan Evangelista Purkyne , Czech anatomist, botanist (d. 1869 )
1788
Arthur Schopenhauer
Joseph Eichendorff
Augustin-Jean Fresnel
May 10 – Augustin-Jean Fresnel , French engineer, physicist and inventor (d. 1827 )
May 16 – Friedrich Rückert , German poet, translator, and professor of Oriental languages (d. 1866 )
May 22 – William Grant Broughton , first Anglican bishop in Australia (d. 1853 )
June 8 – Charles A. Wickliffe , American politician, 14th Governor of Kentucky (d. 1869 )
June 21 – Princess Augusta of Bavaria , Duchess of Leuchtenberg (d. 1851 )
July 30 – Kisamor , Swedish natural healer (d. 1842 )
August 2 – Leopold Gmelin , German chemist (d. 1853 )
August 6 – Felix Slade , English lawyer, philanthropist and art collector (d. 1868 )
August 7 – Francis R. Shunk , American politician (d. 1848 )
August 16 – Luigi Ciacchi , Italian cardinal (d. 1865 )
September 12 – Alexander Campbell , Irish-born founder of the Disciples of Christ (d. 1866 )
September 15 – Gerard C. Brandon , American politician (d. 1850 )
September 12 – Charlotte von Siebold , German gynecologist (d. 1859 )
September 21
September 22
September 28 – Jakob Walter , German stonemason , soldier (d. 1864 )
October 9 – József Kossics , Hungarian-Slovene Catholic priest, writer, ethnologist (d. 1867 )
October 11 – Simon Sechter , Austrian music teacher (d. 1867 )
October 24 – Sarah Josepha Hale , American author (d. 1879 )
October 31 – David R. Porter , American politician (d. 1867 )
November 8 – Mihály Bertalanits , Hungarian Slovene (Prekmurje Slovene ) poet, teacher (d. 1853 )
Date unknown
1789
René Edward De Russy
Georg Ohm
Catharine Sedgwick
January 3 – Carl Gustav Carus , German physiologist (d. 1869 )
January 4 – Benjamin Lundy , American abolitionist (d. 1839 )
January 12 – Ettore Perrone di San Martino , prime minister of Sardinia (d. 1849 )
January 21 – William Machin Stairs , Canadian businessman, statesman (d. 1865 )
February 15 – Martin Chester Deming , American businessman and politician (d. 1851 )[ 134]
February 22 – René Edward De Russy , Brigadier General of the United States Army , Superintendent of the United States Military Academy and military engineer (d. 1865 )
March 16 – Georg Ohm , German physicist (d. 1854 )
April 15 – Diego Noboa , 4th President of Ecuador (d. 1870 )
April 22 – Manuel Gómez Pedraza , 6th President of Mexico (d. 1851 )
May 1 – George Fife Angas , English coachbuilder, businessman, and politician; founder of South Australia (d. 1879 )
May 24 – Cathinka Buchwieser , German operatic singer and actress
June 8 – Queen Sunwon , Korean regent (d. 1857 )
June 30 – Horace Vernet , French painter (d. 1863 )
July 19 – John Martin , English painter (d. 1854 )
August 6 – Friedrich List , German journalist (d. 1846 )
August 21 – Augustin-Louis Cauchy , French mathematician (d. 1857 )
August 28 – Stéphanie de Beauharnais , Grand Duchess of Baden (d. 1860 )
September 3 – Hannah Flagg Gould , American poet (d. 1865 )
September 4 – Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré , French botanist (d. 1854 )
September 15 – James Fenimore Cooper , American writer (d. 1851 )
September 28 – Richard Bright , English physician, "Father of Nephrology" (d. 1858 )
October 8 – William John Swainson , English naturalist, artist (d. 1855 )
November 5 – William Bland , Australian politician (d. 1868 )
December 14 – Maria Szymanowska , Polish composer (d. 1831 )
December 15
December 22 – Levi Woodbury , American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1851 )
December 25 – Elizabeth Jesser Reid , English social reformer, founder of Bedford College (d. 1866 )
December 28 – Catharine Sedgwick , American writer (d. 1867 )
Deaths
1780
Thomas Hutchinson
William Blackstone
Empress Maria Theresa of Austria
January 13 – Duchess Luise of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel , Prussian princess (b. 1722 )
January 15 – Johann Rudolf Tschiffeli , Swiss agronomist (b. 1716 )
February 10 – Samuel Egerton , British Member of Parliament (b. 1711 )
February 14 – William Blackstone , English jurist (b. 1723 )
February 17 – Andreas Felix von Oefele , German historian, librarian (b. 1706 )
February 18 – Kristijonas Donelaitis , Lithuanian poet (b. 1714 )
March 17 – Elizabeth Butchill , English woman executed for the murder of her newborn child (b. c. 1758 )
March 26 – Charles I, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (b. 1713 )
April 5 – Ulrika Strömfelt , Swedish courtier (b. 1724 )
May 18 – Charles Hardy , British governor of Newfoundland (b. c. 1714 )
May 21 – Thomas Townshend (MP) , British politician (b. 1701 )
June 3 – Thomas Hutchinson , American colonial governor of Massachusetts (b. 1711 )
July 4 – Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine , Austrian military leader (b. 1712 )
July 14 – Charles Batteux , French philosopher (b. 1713 )
July 18 – Gerhard Schøning , Norwegian historian (b. 1722 )
July 21 – Louis Legrand , French Sulpician priest and theologian (b. 1711 )
August 3 – Étienne Bonnot de Condillac , French philosopher (b. 1715 )
August 19 – Johann de Kalb , Bavarian-French military officer who served as a major general in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War (b. 1721 )
August 29 – Jacques-Germain Soufflot , French architect (b. 1713 )
September 4 – John Fielding , English magistrate, social reformer (b. 1721 )
September 6 – Françoise Basseporte , French painter (b. 1701 )
September 8
September 15 – Jacob Rodrigues Pereira , academic, first teacher of deaf-mutes in France (b. 1715 )
September 19 – James Cecil, 6th Earl of Salisbury , England (b. 1713 )
September 23 – Marie Anne de Vichy-Chamrond, marquise du Deffand , French salon holder (b. 1697 )
October 2 – John André , British Army officer of the American Revolutionary War (executed) (b. 1750 )
October 17 – William Cookworthy , English chemist (b. 1705 )
November 26 – Sir James Steuart , Scottish economist (b. 1712 )[ 135]
November 29 – Empress Maria Theresa of Austria (b. 1717 )[ 136]
December 12 – Jakab Fellner , Hungarian architect (b. 1722 )
December 26 – John Fothergill , English physician (b. 1712 )
date unknown – Thomas Dilworth , British cleric and writer
1781
Gotthold Ephraim Lessing
Túpac Amaru II
May 18 – Túpac Amaru II , Peruvian indigenous rebel leader (b. 1742 )
May 18 – Micaela Bastidas Puyucahua , Peruvian indigenous rebel leader (b. 1745 )
May 27 – Giovanni Battista Beccaria , Italian physicist (b. 1716 )
May 30 – John Conder , Independent English minister at Cambridge (b. 1714 )
July 18 – Padre Francisco Garcés , Spanish missionary (killed) (b. 1738 )
July 23 – John Joachim Zubly , Swiss-born Continental Congressman (b. 1724 )
August 16 – Charles-François de Broglie, marquis de Ruffec , French soldier and diplomat (b. 1719 )
September 7 – Lord Richard Cavendish (1752–1781) , second son of William Cavendish (b. 1752 )
September 11 – Johann August Ernesti , German theologian and philologist (b. 1707 )[ 139]
September 12 – Peter Scheemakers , Flemish sculptor (b. 1691 )
September 28 – William Nassau de Zuylestein, 4th Earl of Rochford , British diplomat, statesman (b. 1717 )
October 16 – Edward Hawke, 1st Baron Hawke , British naval officer (b. 1705 )
November 4
November 21 – Jean-Frédéric Phélypeaux, Count of Maurepas , French statesman (b. 1701 )
December 2 – Zenón de Somodevilla, 1st Marqués de la Ensenada , Spanish noble (b. 1702 )
December 30 – John Needham , British biologist and priest (b. 1713 )
December – Juan Montón y Mallén , composer (born c. 1730 )[ 141]
1782
King Taksin the Great of Thonburi
William Crawford
Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham
Hyder Ali
January 2 – Johann Christian Bach , German composer (b. 1735 )
January 4 – Ange-Jacques Gabriel , French architect (b. 1698 )
January 18 – John Pringle , Scottish physician (b. 1707 )
January 28 — Jean-Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville , French geographer and cartographer (b. 1697 )
January 30 – Vasily Dolgorukov-Krymsky , Russian general (b. 1722 )
February 9 – Giuseppe Luigi Assemani , Syrian orientalist (b. 1710 )
February 10 – Friedrich Christoph Oetinger , German theologian (b. 1702 )
March 1 – John A. Treutlen , Governor of Georgia (b. 1734 )
March 2 – Sophie of France , French princess (b.1734)
March 9 – Sava II Petrović-Njegoš , Metropolitan of Cetinje (b. 1702 )
March 17 – Daniel Bernoulli , Dutch-born mathematical physicist (b. 1700 )
April 7 – Taksin the Great , King of Siam (Thonburi Kingdom ) (b. 1734 )
April 13 – Metastasio , Italian poet, librettist (b. 1698 )
April 17 – Baal Shem of London , British Kabbalist (b. 1708 )
April 22 – Josef Seger , Czech composer and organist (b. 1716 )
April 28 – William Talbot, 1st Earl Talbot , English politician (b. 1710 )
May 8 – Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal , Portuguese statesman (b. 1699 )
May 15 – Richard Wilson , British painter (b. 1714 )
May 16 – Daniel Solander , Swedish botanist (b. 1736 )
May 20 – William Emerson , English mathematician (b. 1701 )
May 20 – Axel Lagerbielke , Swedish admiral and statesman (b. 1703 )
May 22 – Princess Friederike of Hesse-Darmstadt (b. 1752 )
June 11 – William Crawford , American soldier and surveyor (burned at the stake by Native Americans) (b. 1732 )
June 18 – John Wood, the Younger , English architect (b. 1728 )
June 21 – Prince George William of Hesse-Darmstadt , German prince (b. 1722 )
July 1 – Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham , British statesman, 2-time Prime Minister of Great Britain (b. 1730 )[ 20]
July 15 – Farinelli , Italian castrato (b. 1705 )
August 27 – John Laurens , American soldier (b. 1754 )
August 31 – George Croghan , American colonist (b. c. 1718 )
September 5 – Bartolina Sisa , Bolivian indigenous Aymara heroine, rebel leader (b. c. 1750 )
September 6
September 14 – Nicholas Cooke , first Governor of Rhode Island (b. 1717 )
October 2 – Charles Lee , Continental Army general during the American War of Independence (b. 1732 )
November 5 – James Burrow , British scholar (b. 1701 )
November 21 – Jacques de Vaucanson , French inventor (b. 1709 )
December 7 – Hyder Ali , Indian general, Sultan of Mysore (b. 1720 )
December 16 – William Cole (antiquary) , British antiquarian (b. 1714 )
December 27 – Henry Home, Lord Kames , Scottish advocate and philosopher (b. 1697 )
date unknown
1783
Capability Brown
February 6 – Capability Brown , English landscape gardener (b. 1716 )
February 10 – James Nares , English composer of mostly sacred vocal works (b. 1715 )
March 2 – Francisco Salzillo , Spanish sculptor (b. 1707 )
March 19 – Frederick Cornwallis , Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1713 )
March 23 – Charles Carroll , American lawyer, delegate to the Continental Congress (b. 1723 )
March 26 – Anna Rosina de Gasc , German portrait painter (b. 1713 )
March 30 – William Hunter , Scottish anatomist (b. 1718 )
March 31 – Nikita Ivanovich Panin , Russian statesman (b. 1718 )
April 7 – Ignaz Holzbauer , German composer (b. 1711 )
April 16
May 11 – Juliane Reichardt , German-born Bohemian pianist, singer and composer (b. 1752 )
May 23 – James Otis , American lawyer, patriot (b. 1725 )
June 2 – Charles Spalding , Scottish inventor and underwater diver, killed in diving bell accident (b. 1738 )
September 14 – James Grenville , British Member of Parliament (b. 1715 )
Leonhard Euler
September 18
September 28 – Marguerite Gourdan , French procurer (b. c. 1730 )
October 2 – Joseph Leeson, 1st Earl of Milltown , Irish politician (b. 1701 )
October 29 – Jean le Rond d'Alembert , French mathematician (b. 1717 )
November 1 – Carl Linnaeus the Younger , Swedish naturalist (b. 1741 )
November 3 – Charles Collé , French dramatist (b. 1709 )
November 15 – John Hanson , American President of the Continental Congress (b. 1721 )
November 23 – Yoriyuki Arima , Japanese mathematician (b. 1714 )
December 13 – Pehr Wilhelm Wargentin , Swedish astronomer (b. 1717 )
December 15 – Ahmad bin Said al-Busaidi , first ruler of Oman of the Al Said dynasty (b. 1710 )
December 16
Date unknown:
1784
February 4 – Princess Friederike Luise of Prussia , Prussian princess (b. 1714 )
February 27 – Count of St. Germain , French philosopher, adventurer (b. 1710 )
March 26 – Thomas Bond , American physician and surgeon (b. 1712 )
March 27 – Ralph Bigland , British officer of arms (b. 1712 )
March 31 – Thomas Adam , English clergyman, religious writer (b. 1701 )
April 26 – Nano Nagle , Irish convent founder (b. 1718 )
April 29 – Agustín de Jáuregui , Spanish colonial governor (b. 1711 )
May 3 – Anthony Benezet , French-born American abolitionist and educator (b. 1713 )
May 10 – Antoine Court de Gébelin , French pastor (b. 1725 )
May 12 – Abraham Trembley , Swiss naturalist (b. 1710 )
June 8 – Lukrecija Bogašinović Budmani , Croatian poet (b. 1710 )
June 11 – Lê Quý Đôn , Vietnamese philosopher, poet, encyclopedist, and government official (b. 1726 )
June 13 – Henry Middleton , American president of the Continental Congress (b. 1717 )
June 14 – Andrzej Mokronowski , Polish general (b. 1713 )
June 26 – Caesar Rodney , American lawyer, signer of the United States Declaration of Independence (b. 1728 )
July 1 – Wilhelm Friedemann Bach , German composer (b. 1710 )[ 144]
Denis Diderot
July 31 – Denis Diderot , French philosopher, encyclopedist (b. 1713 )
August 4 – Giovanni Battista Martini , Italian musician (b. 1706 )
August 10 – Allan Ramsay , Scottish portrait-painter (b. 1713 )
August 14 – Nathaniel Hone , Irish-born painter (b. 1718 )
August 28 – Junípero Serra , Spanish Franciscan missionary (b. 1713 )
September 1 – Jean-François Séguier , French astronomer and botanist (b. 1703 )
September 4 – César-François Cassini de Thury , French astronomer (b. 1714 )
September 8 – Ann Lee , American religious leader (b. 1736 )
September 15 – Nicolas Bernard Lépicié , French painter (b. 1735 )
November 1 – Jean-Jacques Lefranc, Marquis de Pompignan , French polymath, author and poet (b. 1709 )
November 9 – George Baylor , officer in the American Continental Army (b. 1752 )
December 5 – Phillis Wheatley , first published African-American author (b. 1753 )
Samuel Johnson
1785
Baldassare Galuppi
January 3 – Baldassare Galuppi , Italian composer (b. 1706 )[ 145]
January 6 – Haym Salomon , Polish-Jewish American financier of the American Revolution (b. 1740 )
January 19 – Jonathan Toup , English classical scholar, critic (b. 1713 )
January 23 – Matthew Stewart , Scottish mathematician (b. 1717 )
February 24 – Sir Thomas Dyke Acland, 7th Baronet (b. 1722 )
February 26 – Barbara Erni , Liechtenstein confidence trickster (b. 1743 )
March 14 – Giovanni Battista Locatelli , Italian opera director (b. 1713 )
April 14 – William Whitehead , English writer (b. 1715 )
April 26 – Johan Samuel Augustin , German-Danish astronomical writer, civil servant (b. 1715 )
May 8
June 2
June 30 – James Oglethorpe , English general, founder of the state of Georgia (b. 1696 )
July 5 – Anne Poulett , British politician (b. 1711 )
July 6 – Frederick August I, Duke of Oldenburg (b. 1711 )
July 9 – William Strahan , British politician (b. 1715 )
July 12 – Louis-René de Caradeuc de La Chalotais , French jurist on the so-called "Brittany affair" (b. 1701 )
July 13 – Stephen Hopkins , Founding Father of the United States (b. 1707 )
July 17 – Margaret Bentinck, Duchess of Portland , British duchess (b. 1715 )
August 17 – Jonathan Trumbull , Governor of the Colony and the state of Connecticut (b. 1710 )
August 26 – George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville , British soldier, politician (b. 1716 )
August 28 – Jean-Baptiste Pigalle , French sculptor (b. 1714 )
August 31 – Pietro Chiari , Italian playwright (b. 1712 )
September 19 – Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain , Queen consort of Sardinia (b. 1729 )
September 30 – Johann Jakob Moser , German jurist (b. 1701 )
October 4
November 13 – Joaquín Ibarra , Spanish printer (b. 1725 )
November 15 – César Gabriel de Choiseul , French officer (b. 1712 )
November 18 – Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans , French soldier, writer (b. 1725 )
November 19 – Bernard de Bury , French composer (b. 1720 )
November 20 – James Wright , Governor of Georgia (b. 1716 )
November 25 – Richard Glover , English poet (b. 1712 )
Kitty Clive
1786
January 4 – Moses Mendelssohn , Jewish philosopher (b. 1729 )
January 7 – Jean-Étienne Guettard , French physician, scientist (b. 1715 )
January 14 – Meshech Weare , Governor of New Hampshire (b. 1713 )
January 26 – Hans Joachim von Zieten , Prussian field marshal (b. 1699 )
February 25 – Thomas Wright , British astronomer (b. 1711 )
February 28 – John Gwynn , English architect and engineer (b. 1713 )
March 11 – Charles Humphreys , American delegate to the Continental Congress (b. 1714 )
April 10 – John Byron , British naval officer (b. 1723 )
April 20 – John Goodricke , English astronomer (b. 1764 )
May 1 – Benjamin Waller , American politician (b. 1716 )
May 2 – Petronella Johanna de Timmerman , Dutch poet, scientist (b. 1723 )
May 15 – Eva Ekeblad , Swedish scientist and agronomist, first female member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (b. 1724 )
May 19 – John Stanley , English composer (b. 1712 )
Carl Wilhelm Scheele
Frederick II of Prussia
August 17 – King Frederick II of Prussia ("Frederick the Great") (b. 1712 )
August 27 – Carl Fredrik Scheffer , Swedish politician (b. 1715 )
September 5 – Jonas Hanway , English merchant, traveler, and philanthropist (b. 1712 )
September 17 – Tokugawa Ieharu , Japanese shōgun (b. 1737 )
September 18 – Giovanni Battista Guadagnini , Italian luthier (b. 1711 )
October 2 – Augustus Keppel, 1st Viscount Keppel , British admiral (b. 1725 )
October 5 – Johann Gottlieb Gleditsch , German botanist (b. 1714 )
October 17 – Johann Ludwig Aberli , Swiss artist (b. 1723 )
October 20 – Humphrey Sturt , British architect (b. 1725 )
October 31 – Princess Amelia of Great Britain , Second daughter of George II of Great Britain (b. 1711 )[ 148]
November 30 – Bernardo de Gálvez , Spanish military leader who aided the United States in its quest for independence, in the American Revolutionary War (b. 1746 )
December 26 – Gasparo Gozzi , Italian critic, dramatist (b. 1713 )[ 149]
1787
Roger Joseph Boscovich
February 13
February 21 – Antonio Rodríguez de Hita , Spanish composer (b. 1722 )
February 28 – Princess Ulrike Friederike Wilhelmine of Hesse-Kassel , German princess (b. 1722 )
March 8 – Samuel Graves , British Royal Navy admiral (b. 1713 )
March 22 – Charles de Fitz-James , Marshal of France (b. 1712 )
April 2 – Thomas Gage , British general (b. 1719 )
May 10 – William Watson , English physician, scientist (b. 1715 )
May 26 – Lord John Murray , British politician (b. 1711 )
May 28 – Leopold Mozart , Austrian composer (b. 1719 )
May 31 – Felix of Nicosia , Cypriot Catholic saint (b. 1715 )
June 10 – La Caramba (Maria Antonia Fernandez), Spanish flamenco singer and dancer (b. 1751 )
June 14 – Johann Georg Dominicus von Linprun , German scientist (b. 1714 )
June 17 – José de Gálvez , Spanish politician (b. 1720 )
June 20 – Carl Friedrich Abel , German composer (b. 1723 )
July 4 – Charles, Prince of Soubise , Marshal of France (b. 1715 )
July 25 – Arthur Devis , British artist (b. 1712 )
August 1 – Alphonsus Liguori , Italian founder of the Redemptorist Order (b. 1696 )
August 7 – Francis Blackburne , English Anglican churchman, activist (b. 1705 )
August 13 – Marc Antoine René de Voyer , French noble (b. 1722 )
August 16 – John Ponsonby (politician) , Irish politician (b. 1713 )
September 7 – Carlos Fitz-James Stuart, 4th Duke of Liria and Jérica , Spanish duke (b. 1752 )
October 7 – Henry Muhlenberg , German-born founder of the U.S. Lutheran Church (b. 1711 )
October 28 – Johann Karl August Musäus , German author and collector of folk tales (b. 1735 )[ 150]
November 3 – Robert Lowth , English bishop and grammarian (b. 1710 )
November 4 – Johan Daniel Berlin , Norwegian composer and organist (b. 1714 )
Christoph Willibald Gluck
1788
January 14 – François Joseph Paul, marquis de Grasetilly, comte de Grasse , French admiral (b. 1722 )
January 31 – Charles Edward Stuart , claimant to the British throne (b. 1720 )
February 17 – Maurice Quentin de La Tour , French portrait painter (b. 1704 )
February 18 – John Whitehurst , English clockmaker, scientist (b. 1713 )
February 21 – Johann Georg Palitzsch , German astronomer (b. 1723 )
February 28 – Thomas Cushing , American Continental Congressman (b. 1725 )
March 2 – Salomon Gessner , Swiss painter and newspaper publisher (b. 1730 )
March 29 – Charles Wesley , English co-founder (with his brother, John Wesley ) of the religious movement now known as Methodism (b. 1707 )
March 31 – Catharina Elisabet Grubb , Finnish industrialist (b. 1721 )
April 12 – Carlo Antonio Campioni , French-born composer (b. 1719 )
April 15 – Giuseppe Bonno , Austrian composer (b. 1711 )
April 16 – Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon , French naturalist (b. 1707 )
May 8 – Giovanni Antonio Scopoli , Italian-born physician, naturalist (b. 1723 )
May 11 – Dorothea Biehl , Danish writer (b. 1731 )
June 14 – Adam Gib , Scottish religious leader (b. 1714 )
June 21 – Johann Georg Hamann , German philosopher (b. 1730 )
July 3 – François Jacquier , French Franciscan mathematician, physicist (b. 1711 )
July 30 – Kajetan Sołtyk , Polish Catholic priest (b. 1715 )
Thomas Gainsborough
August 2 – Thomas Gainsborough , British painter (b. 1727 )
August 8 – Armand de Vignerot du Plessis , French soldier, diplomat and statesman (b. 1696 )
August 25 – Tanuma Okitsugu , Japanese government official (b. 1719 )
August 28 – Elizabeth Pierrepont, Duchess of Kingston-upon-Hull , English noble (b. 1721 )
September 25 – Thomas Missing , English politician (b. 1710 )
October 13 – Robert Nugent, 1st Earl Nugent , Irish politician, poet (b. 1709 )
October 15 – Samuel Greig , Scottish-Russian Admiral (b. 1736 )
November 14 – Thomas Estcourt Cresswell , British politician (b. 1712 )
November 20 – Samuel Martin (Secretary to the Treasury) , British politician (b. 1714 )
November 23 – Infante Gabriel of Spain (b. 1752 )
December 6 – Jonathan Shipley , English bishop, politician (b. 1714 )
Charles III of Spain
1789
Frances Brooke
January 1 – Fletcher Norton, 1st Baron Grantley , English politician (b. 1716 )
January 4
January 8 – Jack Broughton , English boxer (b. 1703 )
January 10 – James Mitchell Varnum , American brigadier general of the Revolutionary War, Continental Congressman for Rhode Island (b. 1748 )
January 13 – Joseph Spencer , American major general of the Revolutionary War, Continental Congressman for Connecticut (b. 1714 )
January 23 – Frances Brooke , English writer (b. 1724 )
January 25 – James Randolph Reid , American Continental Congressman for Connecticut (b. 1750 )
February 2 – Armand-Louis Couperin , French composer and keyboard player (b. 1727 )
February 12 – Ethan Allen , American major general of the Revolutionary War, Vermont statesman (b. 1738 )
February 19 – Nicholas Van Dyke , American lawyer and President of Delaware (b. 1738 )
March 23 – Thomas Osborne, 4th Duke of Leeds , British politician (b. 1713 )
April 5 – William Vane, 2nd Viscount Vane of Ireland (b. 1714 )
Petrus Camper
April 7
April 13 – Joseph Spencer , American colonel of the Revolutionary War, Continental Congressman for New Hampshire (b. 1739 )
April 26 – Count Petr Ivanovich Panin , Russian soldier (b. 1721 )
May 5 – Giuseppe Marc'Antonio Baretti , Italian literary critic (b. 1719 )
May 9
May 15 – Jean-Baptiste Marie Pierre , French painter (b. 1714 )
May 25 – Anders Dahl , Swedish botanist (b. 1751 )
June 4 – Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France , son of Louis XVI of France (tuberculosis) (b. 1781 )
June 6 – Charles Thomas, Prince of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort , German nobleman, head of the House of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort (b. 1714 )
June 15 – Marcus Fredrik Bang , Norwegian bishop (b. 1711 )
July 13 – Victor de Riqueti, marquis de Mirabeau , French economist (b. 1715 )
July 14 – Jacques de Flesselles , French provost (assassinated) (b. 1721 )
July 15 – Jacques Duphly , French composer and harpsichordist (b. 1715 )
July 16 – Domenico Caracciolo , Italian politician (b. 1715 )
July 22 – Joseph Foullon de Doué , French politician (executed) (b. 1715 )
July 30 – Giovanna Bonanno , Italian poisoner, alleged witch (b. c. 1713 )
August 22 – Johann Heinrich Tischbein , German artist (b. 1722 )
September 4 – Paul Spooner , American lieutenant governor of Vermont (1782–1787) (b. 1746 )
Silas Deane
September 23
October 9 – James Hamilton, 8th Earl of Abercorn (b. 1712 )
October 27 – John Cook , American farmer, President of Delaware (b. 1730 )
October 28 (bur. ) – Mary Evans , Welsh sect leader (b. 1735 )
November 10 – Richard Caswell , American major general of the Revolutionary War, Continental Congressman and Governor of North Carolina (1776–80, 1785–87) (b. 1729 )
November 17 – Samuel Holden Parsons , American major general of the Revolutionary War, member of the Connecticut House of Representatives (b. 1737 )
November 26 – John Elwes , English miser and politician (b. 1714 )
December 3 – Claude Joseph Vernet , French painter (b. 1714 )
December 10 – William Pierce , American member of the Georgia House of Representatives, Continental Congressman for Georgia (c. 1753 )
December 12 – John Ponsonby , Irish politician (b. 1713 )
December 23 – Charles-Michel de l'Épée , French philanthropist, developer of signed French (b. 1712 )
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