1918 United Kingdom general election in Ireland

1918 United Kingdom general election in Ireland

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105 of the 707 seats to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom Sinn Féin members sat in the Dáil Éireann
First party Second party Third party   Leader Éamon de Valera Sir Edward Carson John Dillon Party Sinn Féin Irish Unionist Irish Parliamentary Leader since 25 October 1917 1910 March 1918 Leader's seat East Clare and East Mayo Belfast Duncairn East Mayo (defeated) Last election n/a 17 seats, 28.6% 74 seats, 43.6% Seats before 6 17 67 Seats won 73 22 6 Seat change 73 5 68 Popular vote 497,107 257,314 220,837 Percentage 46.9% 25.3% 21.7% Swing New party 3.3% 21.9%
Results of the 1918 election in Ireland by MPs elected. Sinn Féin MPs refused to sit in the House of Commons and instead formed Dáil Éireann. The Irish Parliamentary Party, Irish Unionist Alliance, Labour Unionist Party and an independent Unionist MP remained in Westminster.

The Irish component of the 1918 United Kingdom general election took place on 14 December 1918. It was the final United Kingdom general election to be held throughout Ireland, as the next election would happen following Irish independence. It is a key moment in modern Irish history, seeing the overwhelming defeat of the moderate nationalist Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP), which had dominated the Irish political landscape since the 1880s, and a landslide victory for the radical Sinn Féin party. Sinn Féin had never previously stood in a general election, but had won six seats in by-elections in 1917–1918. The party had vowed in its manifesto to establish an independent Irish Republic. In Ulster, however, the Unionist Party was the most successful party.

In the aftermath of the elections, Sinn Féin's elected members refused to attend the British Parliament in Westminster (London), and instead formed a parliament in Dublin, the First Dáil Éireann ("Assembly of Ireland"), which declared Irish independence as a republic. The Irish War of Independence was conducted under this revolutionary government which sought international recognition, and set about the process of state-building.^[1][2] The other parties elected in the election were invited by Sinn Féin to join in creating the Dáil Éireann, but declined and took up their seats at Westminster.

In 1918 a system called plural voting was in place in both Britain and Ireland. Plural voting was a practice whereby one person might be able to vote multiple times in an election. Property and business owners could vote both in the constituency where their property lay and that in which they lived, if the two were different. This system often resulted in one person being able to cast multiple votes. In the newly formed Irish Free State this system was ended by the Electoral Act 1923 and was abolished in the UK by the Representation of the People Act 1948. Plural voting remained in effect in Northern Ireland until 1969.^[3]

The 1918 election was held in the aftermath of World War I, the Easter Rising and the Conscription Crisis. It was the first general election to be held after the Representation of the People Act 1918. It was thus the first election in which women over the age of 30, and all men over the age of 21, could vote. Previously, all women and most working-class men had been excluded from voting.