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In 2021, China continued to address the COVID-19 pandemic in China with a Zero-COVID policy that significantly reduced transmission of COVID-19 through large scale lockdowns and testing.[1] The Convidecia and Sinopharm vaccines were approved for general use in China in February 2021.[2] China achieved a record number of 55 space missions in 2021,[3] including the development of the Tiangong space station[4] and the first Chinese craft to land on Mars.[5] Concerns about declining birth rates caused the national government to replace its two-child policy with a three-child policy in May 2021.[6] In the Chinese zodiac, 2021 was the year of the Ox and associated with the Wuxing element of metal.[7]

Long standing territorial disputes continued in China. Territorial disputes in the South China Sea led to a diplomatic incident with the Philippines in April 2021.[8] Disputes over the recognition of Taiwan included the possibility of Lithuanian recognition of Taiwan, leading to a diplomatic crisis in August 2021.[9] Other diplomatic disputes included the East China Sea EEZ disputes,[10] skirmishes with India along the China–India border,[11] and the continuing trade war with the United States.[12] China strengthened its relations with Afghanistan,[13] Iran,[14] and Russia[15] in 2021.

A wave of political reforms continued in 2021, applying restrictions or bans to cryptocurrency,[16] skyscrapers,[17] private tutoring,[18] celebrity gossip,[19] and video games.[20] Tech companies were placed under increased scrutiny by the Chinese government in 2021.[21] Anti-monopoly measures were carried out,[22][23] and several major companies saw significant penalties throughout the year.[24] A property sector crisis affecting companies such as the Evergrande Group in 2021 prompted economic troubles in China.[25] Political reforms in Hong Kong restricted democracy and limited elections to candidates approved by the Chinese Communist Party.[26] Pro-democracy newspapers and groups in Hong Kong were also shut down.[27][28] Alleged human rights abuses in Xinjiang continued, including accusations of genocide.[29]

  1. ^ Normile, Dennis (2022-03-01). "China quietly plans a pivot from 'zero COVID'". Science. Retrieved 2022-11-11.
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference :12 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ Na, Erika (2022-02-10). "China aims to break 2021 space launch record, looks at crew orbit first". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 2022-11-11.
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference :13 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Jones, Andrew (2021-05-15). "China's Zhurong Mars rover touches down on the red planet". National Geographic. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference :14 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ Wong, Maggie Hiufu (2021-02-12). "Lunar New Year 2021: Ushering in the Year of the Ox". CNN. Retrieved 2022-11-11.
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  13. ^ Myers, Steven Lee (2021-07-28). "China Offers the Taliban a Warm Welcome While Urging Peace Talks". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-11-11.
  14. ^ Cite error: The named reference :16 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  15. ^ Rasheed, Zaheena. "Why are China and Russia strengthening ties?". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2022-11-11.
  16. ^ Cite error: The named reference :5 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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  20. ^ Cite error: The named reference :9 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  21. ^ Feng, Coco; Shen, Xinmei (2021-12-22). "China's tech crackdown: surveying the aftermath a year on". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 2022-11-11.
  22. ^ Cite error: The named reference :17 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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  28. ^ Cite error: The named reference :22 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  29. ^ Cite error: The named reference :11 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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