Cholesterol-transporting protein most notably implicated in Alzheimer's disease
APOE Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 1B68 , 1BZ4 , 1EA8 , 1GS9 , 1H7I , 1LE2 , 1LE4 , 1LPE , 1NFN , 1NFO , 1OEF , 1OEG , 1OR2 , 1OR3 , 2KC3 , 2KNY , 2L7B
Identifiers Aliases APOE , AD2, APO-E, LDLCQ5, LPG, apolipoprotein E, ApoE4External IDs OMIM : 107741 ; MGI : 88057 ; HomoloGene : 30951 ; GeneCards : APOE ; OMA :APOE - orthologs Wikidata
Apolipoprotein E (Apo-E ) is a protein involved in the metabolism of fats in the body of mammals. A subtype is implicated in Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular diseases .[ 5] It is encoded in humans by the gene APOE .
Apo-E belongs to a family of fat-binding proteins called apolipoproteins . In the circulation, it is present as part of several classes of lipoprotein particles, including chylomicron remnants , VLDL , IDL , and some HDL .[ 6] Apo-E interacts significantly with the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) , which is essential for the normal processing (catabolism ) of triglyceride -rich lipoproteins.[ 7] In peripheral tissues, Apo-E is primarily produced by the liver and macrophages , and mediates cholesterol metabolism. In the central nervous system , Apo-E is mainly produced by astrocytes and transports cholesterol to neurons [ 8] via Apo-E receptors, which are members of the low density lipoprotein receptor gene family .[ 9] Apo-E is the principal cholesterol carrier in the brain.[ 10] APOE qualifies as a checkpoint inhibitor of the classical complement pathway by complex formation with activated C1q .[ 11]
^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000130203 – Ensembl , May 2017
^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000002985 – Ensembl , May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:" . National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine .
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:" . National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine .
^ Stolerman IP, ed. (2010). Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology (Online ed.). Berlin: Springer. ISBN 978-3540686989 .
^ Mahley RW, Weisgraber KH, Huang Y (April 2009). "Apolipoprotein E: structure determines function, from atherosclerosis to Alzheimer's disease to AIDS" . Journal of Lipid Research . 50 (Suppl): S183–S188. doi :10.1194/jlr.R800069-JLR200 . PMC 2674716 . PMID 19106071 .
^ "Entrez Gene: APOE apolipoprotein E" .
^ Wang H, Kulas JA, Wang C, Holtzman DM, Ferris HA, Hansen SB (August 2021). "Regulation of beta-amyloid production in neurons by astrocyte-derived cholesterol" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 118 (33): 2020.06.18.159632. Bibcode :2021PNAS..11802191W . bioRxiv 10.1101/2020.06.18.159632 . doi :10.1073/pnas.2102191118 . PMC 8379952 . PMID 34385305 . S2CID 220044671 .
^ Cite error: The named reference Liu2013
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^ Puglielli L, Tanzi RE, Kovacs DM (April 2003). "Alzheimer's disease: the cholesterol connection". Nature Neuroscience . 6 (4): 345–351. doi :10.1038/nn0403-345 . PMID 12658281 . S2CID 5407666 .
^ Yin C, Ackermann S, Ma Z, Mohanta SK, Zhang C, Li Y, et al. (March 2019). "ApoE attenuates unresolvable inflammation by complex formation with activated C1q" . Nature Medicine . 25 (3): 496–506. doi :10.1038/s41591-018-0336-8 . PMC 6420126 . PMID 30692699 .