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Appius Claudius Caecus | |
|---|---|
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| Born | Appius Claudius Crassus |
| Nationality | Roman |
| Office | Censor (312–307 BC) Consul (307, 296 BC) Praetor (295 BC) Dictator (c. 285 BC) |
| Children | 9 |
Appius Claudius Caecus (fl. c. 312–279 BC) was a statesman and writer from the Roman Republic. He is best known for two major building projects: the Appian Way (Latin: Via Appia), the first major Roman road, and the first aqueduct in Rome, the Aqua Appia.
He is the first Roman public figure whose life can be traced with some historical certainty. He also instigated controversial popular-minded reforms and is also credited with the authorship of a juristic treatise, a collection of moral essays, and several poems, making him one of Rome's earliest literary figures.[3][4][5]
A patrician of illustrious lineage, Caecus first came to prominence with his election to the position of censor in 312 BC, which he held for five years. During Caecus's time in office, aside from his building projects, he introduced several controversial but poorly-understood constitutional reforms: he increased the voting power of the poor and landless in the legislative assemblies, and admitted lower-class citizens to the Roman Senate, though these measures were partially undone by the resentful nobility. In addition, Caecus was the first censor to draw up a formal list of senators. These reforms massively increased the prestige of the censorship, which had previously only been a minor magistracy.[citation needed] As consul (296 BC) and then praetor (295 BC), Caecus led military campaigns against the Etruscans and Samnites. Later in life, having become blind (Latin: caecus, whence the surname) from old age, he delivered a speech to the Senate successfully opposing peace with the Epirote king Pyrrhus.
His reforms did trigger some outrage, as he broke a number of established traditions. Appius embroiled himself in several bitter political feuds, especially with the Fabii (a powerful Roman family). Fabius Pictor, who was the earliest Roman historian and a member of the Fabian family, may have been the source for a significant amount of smear against Caecus, accusing him of being a corrupted, immoral demagogue, and an inept general. Owing to the wide divergence in the sources, modern scholars have had very different interpretations of Caecus' deeds: he has been described as a revolutionary, a reactionary, a would-be tyrant, or a great reformer, comparable to Athenian figures like Cleisthenes and Pericles.[6]
- ^ Hafner 1970, pp. 59–66.
- ^ Humm 2005, pp. 36–37.
- ^ Ferenczy 1965, p. 379.
- ^ Bispham, Edward (2008). "M. Humm, Appius Claudius Caecus. La République Accomplie (Befar 322). Rome: École Française de Rome, 2005. Pp. X + 779, 10 PLS, 14 illus, 2 tables. ISBN 978-2-72830-682-4. €112.00". Journal of Roman Studies. 98: 188–189. doi:10.1017/S0075435800001787. Archived from the original on 8 January 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
- ^ Briscoe, John (2016). "Appius Claudius Caecus". Oxford Classical Dictionary. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.1616. ISBN 9780199381135.
- ^ Oakley 2005a, p. 366.