Speakers of Austronesian languages
Ethnic group
Austronesian people c. 400 million Indonesia c. 270 million (2020)[ 1] [ 2] Philippines c. 109.3 million (2020)[ 3] Madagascar c. 24 million (2016)[ 4] Malaysia c. 21.3 million (2023)[ 5] United States c. 4.7 million[ 6] Thailand c. 1.9 million[ 7] Papua New Guinea c. 1.3 million[citation needed ] East Timor c. 1.2 million (2015)[ 8] Vietnam c. 1.2 million (2019)[ 9] Fiji c. 936,375 (2023)[ 10] New Zealand c. 855,000 (2006)[ 11] [ 12] Singapore c. 576,300[ 13] Taiwan c. 600,303 (2024)[ 14] Solomon Islands c. 478,000 (2005)[citation needed ] Brunei c. 450,000 (2006)[ 15] Cambodia c. 302,000 (2019)[ 16] Vanuatu c. 272,000 [ 17] [ 18] French Polynesia c. 230,000 (2017)[ 19] [ 20] Samoa c. 195,000 (2016)[ 21] Guam c. 150,000 (2010)[ 22] Hawaii c. 157,445 (2020)[ 23] Kiribati c. 119,940 (2020)[ 24] New Caledonia c. 106,000 (2019)[ 25] [ 26] Federated States of Micronesia c. 102,000[ 17] [ 18] [ 27] Tonga c. 100,000 (2016)[ 28] Suriname c. 93,000 (2017)[ 29] Marshall Islands c. 72,000 (2015)[ 30] American Samoa c. 55,000 (2010)[ 31] Sri Lanka c. 40,189 (2012)[ 32] Australia (Torres Strait Islands ) c. 38,700 (2016)[ 33] Myanmar c. 31,600 (2019)[ 34] [ 35] Northern Mariana Islands c. 19,000[ 36] Palau c. 16,500 (2011)[ 17] [ 18] [ 37] Wallis and Futuna c. 11,600 (2018)[ 38] Nauru c. 11,200 (2011)[ 39] Tuvalu c. 11,200 (2012)[ 40] [ 41] Cook Islands c. 9,300 (2010)[ 42] Easter Island (Rapa Nui ) c. 2,290 (2002)[ 43] Niue c. 1,937[ 17] [ 18] Austronesian languages
The Austronesian peoples , sometimes referred to as Austronesian-speaking peoples ,[ 44] are a large group of peoples in Taiwan , Maritime Southeast Asia , parts of Mainland Southeast Asia , Micronesia , coastal New Guinea , Island Melanesia , Polynesia , and Madagascar that speak Austronesian languages .[ 45] [ 46] They also include indigenous ethnic minorities in Vietnam , Cambodia , Myanmar , Thailand , Hainan , the Comoros , and the Torres Strait Islands .[ 45] [ 47] [ 48] The nations and territories predominantly populated by Austronesian-speaking peoples are sometimes known collectively as Austronesia.[ 49]
They originated from a prehistoric seaborne migration , known as the Austronesian expansion, from Taiwan , circa 3000 to 1500 BCE. Austronesians reached the northernmost Philippines, specifically the Batanes Islands , by around 2200 BCE. They used sails some time before 2000 BCE.[ 50] : 144 In conjunction with their use of other maritime technologies (notably catamarans , outrigger boats , lashed-lug boats , and the crab claw sail ), this enabled their rapid dispersal into the islands of the Indo-Pacific , culminating in the settlement of New Zealand c. 1250 CE .[ 51] During the initial part of the migrations, they encountered and assimilated (or were assimilated by) the Paleolithic populations that had migrated earlier into Maritime Southeast Asia and New Guinea . They reached as far as Easter Island to the east, Madagascar to the west,[ 52] and New Zealand to the south. At the furthest extent, they might have also reached the Americas .[ 53] [ 54]
Aside from language, Austronesian peoples widely share cultural characteristics, including such traditions and traditional technologies as tattooing , stilt houses , jade carving, wetland agriculture , and various rock art motifs. They also share domesticated plants and animals that were carried along with the migrations, including rice , bananas, coconuts, breadfruit , Dioscorea yams , taro , paper mulberry , chickens, pigs, and dogs .
^ "Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020" (PDF) (in Indonesian). Statistics Indonesia . 21 January 2021. p. 9. Retrieved 21 January 2021 .
^ Proyeksi penduduk Indonesia/Indonesia Population Projection 2010–2035 (PDF) , Badan Pusat Statistik, 2013, ISBN 978-979-064-606-3 , archived (PDF) from the original on 30 April 2020, retrieved 15 August 2016
^ "2020 Census of Population and Housing (2020 CPH) Population Counts Declared Official by the President" . Philippine Statistics Authority.
^ "Population, total" . Data . World Bank Group. 2017. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 29 April 2018 .
^ "Demographic Statistics Malaysia - First Quarter of 2023" (PDF) . Department of Statistics, Malaysia. 2023. Retrieved 25 May 2023 .
^ "2020 Census Demographic Profile" . Retrieved 5 September 2023 .
^ "Population movement in the Pacific: A perspective on future prospects" . Archived from the original on 7 February 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2013 .
^ "2015 Census shows population growth moderating" . Government of Timor-Leste. Archived from the original on 7 February 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2016 .
^ General Statistics Office of Vietnam (2019). "Completed Results of the 2019 Viet Nam Population and Housing Census" (PDF) . Statistical Publishing House (Vietnam). ISBN 978-604-75-1532-5 .
^ "Fiji Today 2005 / 2006" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 April 2007. Retrieved 23 March 2007 .
^ "Population movement in the Pacific: A perspective on future prospects" . Archived from the original on 7 February 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2013 .
^ "Archived copy" . Archived from the original on 27 November 2007. Retrieved 23 March 2007 .{{cite web }}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link )
^ About 13.5% of Singapore Residents are of Malay descent. In addition to these, many Chinese Singaporeans are also of mixed Austronesian descent. See also "Key Indicators of the Resident Population" (PDF) . Singapore Department of Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 July 2007. Retrieved 25 April 2007 .
^ Ramzy, Austin (1 August 2016). "Taiwan's President Apologizes to Aborigines for Centuries of Injustice" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 5 June 2020. Retrieved 17 January 2020 .
^ "Brunei" . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency. July 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2019 .
^ "Ethnic Minorities, Census of Cambodia 2019" (PDF) . Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024 .
^ a b c d "World Population Prospects 2022" . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022 .
^ a b c d "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022 .
^ "La population légale au 17 août 2017: 275 918 habitants" . ISPF. Archived from the original on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 16 February 2018 .
^ Most recent ethnic census, in 1988. "Frontières ethniques et redéfinition du cadre politique à Tahiti" (PDF) . Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Approximately 87.7% of the total population (275,918) are of unmixed or mixed Polynesian descent.
^ "Population & Demography Indicator Summary" . Samoa Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 25 June 2018 .
^ "The Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Population: 2010" (PDF) . census.gov . US Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 July 2017. Retrieved 11 August 2017 .
^ "2020 United States Census Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics" . Retrieved 31 December 2023 .
^ "Kiribati Stats at a Glance" . Kiribati National Statistics Office . Ministry of Finance & Economic Development, Government of Kiribati. Archived from the original on 8 January 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2020 .
^ "La Nouvelle-Calédonie compte 271 407 habitants en 2019" . Institut de la statistique et des études économiques . ISEE. Archived from the original on 13 November 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2020 .
^ "Recensement de la population en Nouvelle-Calédonie en 2009" . insee.fr . Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 17 January 2020 39.1% if the population are native Kanak {{cite web }}
: CS1 maint: postscript (link )
^ Approximately 90.4% of the total population (113,131) is native Pacific Islander.
^ [1] Archived 27 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine . Tonga 2016 Census Results (11 November 2016).
^ "Suriname" . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 29 April 2018 .
^ "Australia-Oceania: Marshall Islands" . CIA The World Factbook. Retrieved 17 January 2020 .
^ "Census 2010 News | U.S. Census Bureau Releases 2010 Census Population Counts for American Samoa" . 2010 United States Census . census.gov. Archived from the original on 23 July 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2018 .
^ "A2: Population by ethnic group according to districts, 2012" . Census of Population& Housing, 2011 . Department of Census& Statistics, Sri Lanka. Archived from the original on 10 March 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2017 .
^ "3238.0.55.001 – Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, June 2016" . Australian Bureau of Statistics . 31 August 2018. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 27 December 2019 .
^ Joshua Project. "Malay in Myanmar (Burma)" . Joshua Project. Archived from the original on 16 October 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2019 .
^ Joshua Project. "Moken, Salon in Myanmar (Burma)" . Joshua Project. Archived from the original on 16 October 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2019 .
^ Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS). "American FactFinder – Results" . U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 17 January 2020 . Approximately 34.9% of the total population (53,883) are native Pacific Islander
^ Approximately 92.2% of the total population (18,024) is of Austronesian descent.
^ INSEE. "Les populations légales de Wallis et Futuna en 2018" . Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2019 .
^ "National Report on Population ad Housing" (PDF) . Nauru Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2015 .
^ "Population of communities in Tuvalu" . world-statistics.org. 11 April 2012. Archived from the original on 23 March 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2016 .
^ "Population of communities in Tuvalu" . Thomas Brinkhoff. 11 April 2012. Archived from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2016 .
^ "Australia-Oceania: Cook Islands" . CIA The World Factbook. Retrieved 17 January 2020 .
^ "Rapa Nui IW 2019" . IWGIA . International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. Archived from the original on 24 October 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2020 . Approximately 60% of the population of total population of Rapa Nui (3,765) is of native descent.
^ Cite error: The named reference solheimterm
was invoked but never defined (see the help page ).
^ a b Cite error: The named reference Bellwood2006
was invoked but never defined (see the help page ).
^ Pierron, Denis; Razafindrazaka, Harilanto; Pagani, Luca; Ricaut, François-Xavier; Antao, Tiago; Capredon, Mélanie; Sambo, Clément; Radimilahy, Chantal; Rakotoarisoa, Jean-Aimé; Blench, Roger M.; Letellier, Thierry (21 January 2014). "Genome-wide evidence of Austronesian–Bantu admixture and cultural reversion in a hunter-gatherer group of Madagascar" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 111 (3): 936–941. Bibcode :2014PNAS..111..936P . doi :10.1073/pnas.1321860111 . ISSN 0027-8424 . PMC 3903192 . PMID 24395773 .
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^ Cite error: The named reference Cheke2010
was invoked but never defined (see the help page ).
^ Ku, Kun-Hui; Gibson, Thomas (3 July 2019). "Hierarchy and Egalitarianism in Austronesia". Anthropological Forum . 29 (3): 205–215. doi :10.1080/00664677.2019.1626216 . S2CID 197705560 .
^ Horridge, Adrian (2006). Bellwood, Peter (ed.). The Austronesians: historical and comparative perspectives . Canberra, ACT. ISBN 978-0-7315-2132-6 . {{cite book }}
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^ Blust, Robert (14 January 2019). "The Austronesian Homeland and Dispersal" . Annual Review of Linguistics . 5 (1): 417–434. doi :10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011718-012440 .
^ Pierron, Denis; Heiske, Margit; Razafindrazaka, Harilanto; Rakoto, Ignace; Rabetokotany, Nelly; Ravololomanga, Bodo; Rakotozafy, Lucien M.-A.; Rakotomalala, Mireille Mialy; Razafiarivony, Michel; Rasoarifetra, Bako; Raharijesy, Miakabola Andriamampianina (8 August 2017). "Genomic landscape of human diversity across Madagascar" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 114 (32): E6498–E6506. Bibcode :2017PNAS..114E6498P . doi :10.1073/pnas.1704906114 . ISSN 0027-8424 . PMC 5559028 . PMID 28716916 .
^ Van Tilburg, Jo Anne. 1994. Easter Island: Archaeology, Ecology and Culture. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press
^ Langdon, Robert. The Bamboo Raft as a Key to the Introduction of the Sweet Potato in Prehistoric Polynesia, The Journal of Pacific History , Vol. 36, No. 1, 2001