Back Spilvennote van Weerstand Afrikaans محور المقاومة Arabic Вось супраціву Byelorussian تەوەری بەرگری CKB Achse des Widerstands German Άξονας της Αντίστασης Greek Eje de la Resistencia Spanish محور مقاومت Persian Vastarinnan akseli Finnish Axe de la résistance French

Axis of Resistance

Axis of Resistance
Leaders
Group(s)Primary
List
HeadquartersIran, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Northwestern Yemen and Gaza Strip
Ideology
Political positionBig tent
StatusActive unofficial military alliance
Allies
Allies

Non-state allies

Opponents
Opponents

Non-state opponents

Former opponents
Battles and wars

The Axis of Resistance (Persian: محور مقاومت Mehvar-e Moqâvemat;[29] Arabic: محور المقاومة Miḥwar al-Muqāwamah) is a network of Iranian-backed militias and political groups in the Middle East,[30][31] formed by Iran by uniting and grooming armed groups that shared hostility toward Israel and the United States.[30][32][33][34] The U.S. designates most of these groups as terrorist organizations.[30]

Hezbollah, which emerged in Lebanon with the direct backing of Iran in the early 1980s, is the foremost member of the axis.[30] Other prominent groups within the coalition include the Palestinian group Hamas,[30][31][32] the Palestinian Islamic Jihad,[31] the Yemenite Houthi movement,[b][31][32] and various Shi'ite groups in Iraq and Syria.[30][31][32] The Syrian regime is the only other state member except Iran,[30] and hosts fighters recruited and trained by Iran.[34]

The "Axis of Resistance" is aimed at uniting and coordinate in a major conflict with Israel to achieve the shared goal of destroying the Jewish state.[30][31] The coalition has also conducted attacks on Saudi Arabia[34] and US forces in Iraq,[34] and opposes Sunni Salafist armed groups such as al-Qaeda and ISIS.[35] Via the Quds Force[31][36]—a special forces unit of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps—Iran has allocated substantial resources to strengthen the military capabilities of each group over decades, while fostering essential connections between them.[30][34] The U.S. State Department estimates Iran spent $700 million annually on militias before sanctions impacted its revenues in 2019.[36]

The axis has been described as "loose", leading to issues like the Houthis ignoring Iran's advice in their attempt to take over Yemen,[30] and Hamas launching the October 7 attack on Israel without coordination.[30][34] The network's response for recent attacks, including Hezbollah significant losses in its conflict with Israel, has been described as weak and fragmented.[30][34]

  1. ^ "The Huseynyun: Iran's new IRGC-backed movement in Azerbaijan". Middle East Monitor. October 9, 2021. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d e f "Iran Update, October 18, 2023". Institute for the Study of War. 2023-10-18. Archived from the original on 2023-12-14. Retrieved 2023-11-12.
  3. ^ "The Nujaba Movement – the Movement of the Noble Ones: One of the dominant pro-Iranian militias in Iraq". The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center. May 14, 2023. Archived from the original on May 15, 2023. Retrieved November 11, 2023.
  4. ^ Dana Taib Menmy; Oliver Mizzi (8 November 2023). "Who is the Islamic Resistance in Iraq, the mysterious group attacking US and Israeli targets over Gaza?". The New Arab. Archived from the original on 10 January 2024. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
  5. ^ "سياسة - همام حمودي لوكالة ايرانية: المجلس الأعلى عاد إلى الإمام الخميني - سومر نيوز". Archived from the original on 2019-03-05. Retrieved 2022-01-02.
  6. ^ "ظهرت الاحجام السياسية. الان بدأت معركة الأغلبية المطلقة. تشكيل الحكومة أم المعارك || قاسم متيرك". Archived from the original on 15 November 2018. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
  7. ^ Hussein Abou Saleh (2 November 2023). "Iran's 'axis of resistance': how Hamas and Tehran are attempting to galvanise their allies against Israel". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 30 November 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
  8. ^ Fabian, Emanuel (19 October 2023). "IDF says it killed head of military wing of Gaza's Popular Resistance Committees". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  9. ^ "Hamas quashes armed Shiite movement Sabireen in Gaza". Al-Monitor. 21 March 2019. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  10. ^ Jay Solomon (2017-11-27). "High-Level Contacts Between North Korea and Iran Hint at Deeper Military Cooperation". Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Archived from the original on 2023-11-12. Retrieved 2023-10-24.
  11. ^ "Iranian press review: Venezuela part of 'Axis of Resistance', says Maduro". Middle East Eye. Archived from the original on 2023-12-14. Retrieved 2023-10-12.
  12. ^ Barnes-Dacey, Julien (20 September 2024). RUSSIA’S RETURN TO THE MIDDLE EAST: BUILDING SANDCASTLES?. European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS) (published 1 July 2018). pp. 65–70.
  13. ^ "Defending Latin America's Resistance Axis | Un enfoque diferente - Nicaragua - a different focus".
  14. ^ Vivian Nereim (13 September 2023). "U.S. Deepens Security Pledge to Bahrain, an Adversary of Iran". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
  15. ^ Michael Scollon (19 October 2023). "Iran's 'Axis Of Resistance': A Network Designed To Create Chaos, Fight Tehran's Enemies". Radio Free Europe. Archived from the original on 24 August 2024. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
  16. ^ Fatima Al-Kassab (26 October 2023). "What is the 'axis of resistance' of Iran-backed groups in the Middle East?". NPR. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
  17. ^ Steinberg, Guido; Stiftung Wissenschaft Und Politik (2021). "The "Axis of Resistance" Iran's Expansion in the Middle East Is Hitting a Wall". SWP Research Paper. doi:10.18449/2021RP06. Archived from the original on 2024-08-12. Retrieved 2023-10-30.
  18. ^ Cafarella, Jennifer (2014). "Jabhat al-Nusra in Syria: An Islamic Emirate for Al-Qaeda" (PDF). Middle East Security Report 25. Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of War: 8–46. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 February 2022.
  19. ^ Alkhshali, Hamdi; Starr, Barbara (28 February 2017). "Deputy al Qaeda leader killed In Syria". CNN. Archived from the original on 6 October 2022.
  20. ^ "IRAN'S SHADOW WAR ON ISIS". 18 November 2019. Archived from the original on 2 June 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
  21. ^ Nadimi, Farzim (10 September 2014). "Iran Is Expanding Its Military Role in Iraq in a Bunch of Ways". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 27 August 2018. Retrieved 27 September 2014.
  22. ^ "Beware Iran's 'Axis of Resistance' | People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran (PMOI/MEK)". Archived from the original on 2021-10-31. Retrieved 2020-01-16.
  23. ^ "Beware Iran's 'Axis of Resistance' | People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran (PMOI/MEK)". Archived from the original on 2021-10-31. Retrieved 2020-01-16.
  24. ^ "Egypt sends Assad secret arms aid, including missiles, with Russian funding". debka.com. Archived from the original on 2017-09-17. Retrieved 2023-10-24.
  25. ^ "Egypt voices support for Russia's moves in Syria". Reuters. 2015-10-04. Archived from the original on 2015-10-06. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
  26. ^ "Victory for Assad looks increasingly likely as world loses interest in Syria". The Guardian. 31 August 2017. Archived from the original on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2023. Returning from a summit in the Saudi capital last week, opposition leaders say they were told directly by the foreign minister, Adel al-Jubeir, that Riyadh was disengaging.
  27. ^ Samia Nakhoul, Aziz El Yaakoubi (24 May 2023). "Saudi embrace of Assad sends strong signal to US". Reuters. Archived from the original on 26 October 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
  28. ^ "UAE reopens Syria embassy in boost for Assad". Reuters. 27 December 2018. Archived from the original on 23 October 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
  29. ^ "جبهه مقاومت". Khamenei.ir (in Persian).
  30. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Hubbard, Ben; Rubin, Alissa J. (30 September 2024). "Facing a Big Test, Iran's 'Axis of Resistance' Flails". The New York Times.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g Al-Kassab, Fatima (26 October 2023). "What is the 'axis of resistance' of Iran-backed groups in the Middle East?". NPR. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
  32. ^ a b c d "What is Iran's 'Axis of Resistance'?". Reuters. 13 April 2024.
  33. ^ "After the decapitation of Hizbullah, Iran could race for a nuclear bomb". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 1 October 2024.
  34. ^ a b c d e f g J. Rubin, Alissa; Hubbard, Ben; Gamio, Lazaro (1 October 2024). "What to Know About the Axis of Resistance, the Iran-backed Militia Network". The New York Times.
  35. ^ Cite error: The named reference Master of Iran's was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  36. ^ a b "What is Iran's axis of resistance?". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2024-10-02.


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