| Balangiga massacre | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the post-war insurgency phase of the Philippine–American War | |||||||
 Members of Company C, 9th US Infantry Regiment posing with Mayor Valeriano Abanador and another town official | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Philippine nationalists[a] |
 United States | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Thomas W. Connell † | ||||||
| Units involved | |||||||
| Philippine Republican Army, irregular military forces | Company C (9th Infantry Regiment) | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 500 irregular military forces bolo troops in seven attack units[4][5] |
Philippine attack: 74 men | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 22 wounded[4] |
54 killed 18 wounded[6] | ||||||
The Balangiga massacre was an incident in which the residents of the town of Balangiga on the island of Samar conducted a surprise attack on an occupying unit of the US 9th Infantry, killing 54.[7][8][9] The incident is also known as the Balangiga encounter, Balangiga incident,[10] or Balangiga conflict.[3] The incident occurred on September 28, 1901, over five months after the April 19 publication of a "Peace Manifesto" by Emilio Aguinaldo acknowledging and accepting the sovereignty of the United States throughout the Philippines.[a] Some Filipino historians have asserted that the term Balangiga Massacre more appropriately refers to actions ordered in retaliation by American General Jacob H. Smith during the pacification of Samar that resulted in an estimated 2,000 Filipino civilians killed and over 200 homes burned.[11][12]
- ^ "Today in Filipino history, April 19, 1901, Aguinaldo issued Peace Manifesto after his capture and after his oath of allegiance to the United States". kahimyang.com. December 2011.
- ^ Address to the Filipino People: April 19, 1901 / Emilio Aguinaldo. Office of the Military Governor in the Philippine Islands.
- ^ a b Borrinaga, Rolando O. (2003). The Balangiga Conflict Revisited. New Day Publishers. pp. 80–81. ISBN 978-971-10-1090-4.
- ^ a b Bautista, Veltisezar. "The Balangiga, Samar, Massacre". Archived from the original on February 26, 2008. Retrieved March 20, 2008.
- ^ Borrinaga, Rolando. "100 Years of Balangiga Literature: A Review". Archived from the original on October 22, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2008.
- ^ a b "The Balangiga Massacre". opmanong.ssc.hawaii.edu. Archived from the original on August 16, 2015. Retrieved August 12, 2015.
- ^ Taylor, James O. (1931). The Massacre of Balangiga: Being an Authentic Account by Several of the Few Survivors. McCarn Printing Company.
- ^ Borrinaga, Rolando O. (2003). The Balangiga Conflict Revisited. New Day Publishers. pp. 114, 194, 197. ISBN 978-971-10-1090-4.
- ^ Linn, Brian McAllister (2000), "Samar", The Philippine War, 1899–1902, University Press of Kansas, pp. 306–321, doi:10.2307/j.ctvgs0c6m, ISBN 9780700612253, JSTOR j.ctvgs0c6m
- ^ "The Balangiga Incident: A Rare Filipino Victory During the Philippine-American War". ABS-CBN News. December 12, 2018.
- ^ Agoncillo, Teodoro C. (1990) [1960], History of the Filipino People (8th ed.), Quezon City: Garotech Publishing, p. 228, ISBN 971-8711-06-6
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
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