Battle of Poltava

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Battle of Poltava
Part of the Swedish invasion of Russia during the Great Northern War
The Battle of Poltava by Pierre-Denis Martin
Date 8 July 1709[a] Location Poltava, Cossack Hetmanate, Russian Empire (present-day Ukraine) 49°37′53″N 34°33′10″E / 49.63139°N 34.55278°E / 49.63139; 34.55278 Result Russian alliance victory The Cossack Hetmanate loses independence[1]
Belligerents
Swedish Empire Cossack Hetmanate	Tsardom of Russia Kalmyk Khanate Cossack Hetmanate
Commanders and leaders
Charles XII Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld (POW) Carl Gustaf Creutz (POW) Adam Ludwig Lewenhaupt Hugo Johan Hamilton [sv] (POW) Wolmar Anton von Schlippenbach (POW) Carl Gustaf Roos (POW) Ivan Mazepa	Peter I Boris Sheremetev Alexander Menshikov Jacob Bruce Ivan Skoropadsky[2]
Strength
31,392[3][8] 34 artillery pieces 16,500 in battle[e] 4 cannons[Note 1]	75,000[f] to 80,000[9] 102 artillery pieces 42,660 in battle[10][g] 86 cannons[Note 2]
Casualties and losses
9,700 to 12,211[h]	4,635 to 5,953[i]
class=notpageimage| Location within Ukraine Show map of Ukraine Battle of Poltava (European Russia) Show map of European Russia

The Battle of Poltava^[j] (8 July 1709)^[k] was the decisive and largest battle of the Great Northern War. The Russian army under the command of Tsar Peter I defeated the Swedish army under the command of Carl Gustaf Rehnskiöld. The battle put an end to the status of the Swedish Empire as a European great power, as well as its eastbound expansion, and marked the beginning of Russian supremacy in eastern Europe.^[20]

During the course of six years in the initial stages of the war, King Charles XII and the Swedish Empire had defeated almost all participants in the anti-Swedish coalition, which initially consisted of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Denmark-Norway and the Tsardom of Russia. The latter, under Tsar Peter I, was the only one still fighting. Charles XII therefore chose to invade Russia in the autumn of 1707 and march towards Moscow with a large Swedish army. However, the campaign was complicated by harsh weather conditions and by Russian scorched earth tactics^[21]: 704 and surprise attacks, which forced Charles XII to interrupt his march on Moscow and instead march south to establish winter quarters with the help of Ivan Mazepa, hetman of the Cossack Hetmanate Zaporizhian Host.

After the extremely harsh Great Frost of 1708–1709, the weakened Swedish army resumed operations in the spring of 1709 and besieged the fortress of Poltava, an important trading center and military depot on the Vorskla. Meanwhile, a numerically superior Russian army of 75,000–80,000 men^[6] commanded by Peter, advanced to Poltava to relieve the siege. The two armies clashed, and the Swedes were defeated and fled the battlefield. Charles and Mazepa retreated with 1,500 men south to the river Dnieper, which they crossed, thus managing to escape the Russians and established themselves in the Ottoman Empire.^[21]: 710 The rest of the army was forced to surrender to the Russians at the village of Perevolochna on 11 July 1709.^[22]

The Battle of Poltava, as well as the subsequent capitulation, ended in a decisive victory for Peter I and became the greatest military catastrophe in Swedish history.^[23][24][25] It marked a turning point in the continuation of the war in favour of the anti-Swedish coalition, which as a result of the battle was revived and with renewed vigor attacked the weakened Swedish Empire on several fronts. Poltava thus marked the end of Sweden's time as the dominant power in the Baltic region, a position which after the war was taken over by the Russian Empire. The battle is therefore of crucial importance in the history of Sweden as well as Russia and Ukraine. Since the battle is regarded as the end of Cossack independence.^[1]

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