Back بداية تشخص الإنسان Arabic Beginn des Menschseins German 人の始期 Japanese Początek istnienia osoby ludzkiej Polish
The beginning of human personhood is the moment when a human is first recognized as a person. There are differences of opinion as to the precise time when human personhood begins and the nature of that status. The issue arises in a number of fields including science, religion, philosophy, and law, and is most acute in debates relating to abortion, stem cell research, reproductive rights, and fetal rights.
Traditionally, the concept of personhood has entailed the concept of soul, a metaphysical concept referring to a non-corporeal or extra-corporeal dimension of human being. In modernity, the concepts of subjectivity and intersubjectivity, personhood, mind, and self have come to encompass a number of aspects of human being previously considered to be characteristics of the soul.[1][2] With regard to the beginning of human personhood, one historical question has been when the soul enters the body. In modern terms, the question could be put instead: at what point the developing individual acquires personhood or selfhood.[3]
Related issues attached to the question of the beginning of human personhood versus the nonpersonhood of a fetus include the legal status, bodily integrity, and subjectivity of mothers,[4] as well as the philosophical concept of "natality", i.e. "the distinctively human capacity to initiate a new beginning", which a new human life embodies.[5][6]
Discussions of the beginning of personhood may be framed in terms of when "life begins." However, James McGrath and others argue that the question of when personhood begins is not interchangeable with the question of when human life begins.[7][8][9]: 845 Similarly, "human being" and "person" need not be synonyms.[8][10][11][12]
- ^ Taylor, Charles (1992). Sources of the Self: The Making of Modern Identity. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-521-42949-8.
- ^ Foucault, Michel (2005). The Hermeneutics of the Subject. New York: Picador. ISBN 0-312-42570-8.
- ^ The question could also be put historically. The concept of "personhood" is of fairly recent vintage, and cannot be found in the 1828 edition of Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language, nor even as late as 1913 Archived 10 July 2012 at archive.today. A search in dictionaries and encyclopedia for the term "personhood" generally redirects to "person". The American Heritage Dictionary at Yahoo has: "The state or condition of being a person, especially having those qualities that confer distinct individuality."
- ^ Bordo, Susan (2003). "Are Mothers Persons?". Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Western Culture and the Body. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press. pp. 71–97. ISBN 0-520-24054-5.
- ^ Kompridis, Nikolas (2006). "The Idea of a New Beginning: A romantic source of normativity and freedom". Philosophical Romanticism. New York: Routledge. pp. 48–49. ISBN 0-415-25643-7.
- ^ Charles E. Rice, The Dred Scott Case of the Twentieth Century, Houston Law Review, 10:1059, 1972-1973
- ^ McGrath, James F. (30 July 2024). "Why "Life Begins At Conception" Is Simply Not True". Religion Prof: The Blog of James F. McGrath. Retrieved 13 August 2024.
- ^ a b Dias, Elizabeth; Mollenkof, Bethany (1 January 2023). "When Does Life Begin?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 13 August 2024.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
:4was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Rubenfeld, Jed (1991). "On the Legal Status of the Proposition That "Life Begins at Conception"". Stanford Law Review. 43 (3): 599–635. doi:10.2307/1228913. ISSN 0038-9765.
- ^ "Concept of Personhood". University of Missouri School of Medicine, Center for Health Ethics. Archived from the original on 30 June 2024. Retrieved 13 August 2024.
- ^ Kaczor, Christopher (2005). Spicker, Stuart F.; Engelhardt, H. Tristram; Wildes, Kevin W. (eds.). When Does a Human Being Become a Person?. The edge of life: Human dignity and contemporary bioethics. Philosophy and Medicine. Vol. 85. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 5–39.