Back مولد النماذج المركزي Arabic Xarxa locomotriu espinal Catalan Central pattern generator German مولد الگوی مرکزی Persian Réseau locomoteur spinal French מחולל תבנית מרכזי HE 神経振動子 Japanese Sentral mønstergenerator NN Центральный генератор упорядоченной активности Russian 中枢模式发生器 Chinese

Central pattern generator

Central pattern generators (CPGs) are self-organizing biological neural circuits[1][2] that produce rhythmic outputs in the absence of rhythmic input.[3][4][5] They are the source of the tightly-coupled patterns of neural activity that drive rhythmic and stereotyped motor behaviors like walking, swimming, breathing, or chewing. The ability to function without input from higher brain areas still requires modulatory inputs, and their outputs are not fixed. Flexibility in response to sensory input is a fundamental quality of CPG-driven behavior.[3][4] To be classified as a rhythmic generator, a CPG requires:

  1. "two or more processes that interact such that each process sequentially increases and decreases, and
  2. that, as a result of this interaction, the system repeatedly returns to its starting condition."[3]

CPGs are found in humans and most other vertebrates, and in some invertebrates. [6][7][8][9][10][11]

  1. ^ Wojcik, Jeremy; Clewley, Robert; Shilnikov, Andrey (16 May 2011). "Order parameter for bursting polyrhythms in multifunctional central pattern generators". Physical Review E. 83 (5): 056209. Bibcode:2011PhRvE..83e6209W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.83.056209. PMID 21728632.
  2. ^ Ferrario, Andrea; Merrison-Hort, Robert; Soffe, Stephen R.; Li, Wen-Chang; Borisyuk, Roman (2018-07-18). "Bifurcations of Limit Cycles in a Reduced Model of the Xenopus Tadpole Central Pattern Generator". The Journal of Mathematical Neuroscience. 8 (1): 10. doi:10.1186/s13408-018-0065-9. ISSN 2190-8567. PMC 6051957. PMID 30022326.
  3. ^ a b c Hooper, Scott L. (1999–2010). "Central Pattern Generators". Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1038/npg.els.0000032. ISBN 978-0-470-01590-2.
  4. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Kuo was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Guertin, PA. (January 2019). "Central pattern generators in the brainstem and spinal cord: an overview of basic principles, similarities and differences". Reviews in the Neurosciences. 30 (2): 107–164. doi:10.1515/revneuro-2017-0102. PMID 30543520. S2CID 56493287.
  6. ^ Dimitrijevic MR, Gerasimenko Y, Pinter MM (November 1998). "Evidence for a spinal central pattern generator in humans". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 860 (1): 360–76. Bibcode:1998NYASA.860..360D. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09062.x. PMID 9928325. S2CID 102514.
  7. ^ Danner SM, Hofstoetter US, Freundl B, Binder H, Mayr W, Rattay F, Minassian K (March 2015). "Human spinal locomotor control is based on flexibly organized burst generators". Brain. 138 (Pt 3): 577–88. doi:10.1093/brain/awu372. PMC 4408427. PMID 25582580.
  8. ^ Minassian, Karen; Hofstoetter, Ursula S.; Dzeladini, Florin; Guertin, Pierre A.; Ijspeert, Auke (2017). "The Human Central Pattern Generator for Locomotion: Does It Exist and Contribute to Walking?". The Neuroscientist. 23 (6): 649–663. doi:10.1177/1073858417699790. PMID 28351197. S2CID 33273662.
  9. ^ Hultborn H, Nielsen JB (February 2007). "Spinal control of locomotion--from cat to man". Acta Physiologica. 189 (2): 111–21. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.2006.01651.x. PMID 17250563. S2CID 41080512.
  10. ^ Guertin PA (December 2009). "The mammalian central pattern generator for locomotion". Brain Research Reviews. 62 (4): 345–56. doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.08.002. PMID 19720083. S2CID 9374670.
  11. ^ Selverston, Allen I. (2010-08-12). "Invertebrate central pattern generator circuits". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 365 (1551): 2329–2345. doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0270. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 2894947. PMID 20603355.
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