Back قانون المنافسة Arabic Rəqabət hüququ Azerbaijani Wettbeweabsrecht BAR Pravo konkurencije BS Dret de la competència Catalan Balaod pangkompetisyon CEB Konkurrenceret Danish Wettbewerbsrecht German Δίκαιο ανταγωνισμού Greek Konkurenca juro Esperanto
| Competition law |
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| Basic concepts |
| Anti-competitive practices |
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| Enforcement authorities and organizations |
Competition law is the field of law that promotes or seeks to maintain market competition by regulating anti-competitive conduct by companies.[1][2] Competition law is implemented through public and private enforcement.[3] It is also known as antitrust law (or just antitrust[4]), anti-monopoly law,[1] and trade practices law; the act of pushing for antitrust measures or attacking monopolistic companies (known as trusts) is commonly known as trust busting.[5]
The history of competition law reaches back to the Roman Empire. The business practices of market traders, guilds and governments have always been subject to scrutiny, and sometimes severe sanctions. Since the 20th century, competition law has become global.[6] The two largest and most influential systems of competition regulation are United States antitrust law and European Union competition law. National and regional competition authorities across the world have formed international support and enforcement networks.
Modern competition law has historically evolved on a national level to promote and maintain fair competition in markets principally within the territorial boundaries of nation-states. National competition law usually does not cover activity beyond territorial borders unless it has significant effects at nation-state level.[2] Countries may allow for extraterritorial jurisdiction in competition cases based on so-called "effects doctrine".[2][7] The protection of international competition is governed by international competition agreements. In 1945, during the negotiations preceding the adoption of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1947, limited international competition obligations were proposed within the Charter for an International Trade Organisation. These obligations were not included in GATT, but in 1994, with the conclusion of the Uruguay Round of GATT multilateral negotiations, the World Trade Organization (WTO) was created. The Agreement Establishing the WTO included a range of limited provisions on various cross-border competition issues on a sector specific basis.[8] Competition law has failed to prevent monopolization of economic activity. "The global economy is dominated by a handful of powerful transnational corporations (TNCs). ... Only 737 top holders accumulate 80% of the control over the value of all ... network control is much more unequally distributed than wealth. In particular, the top ranked actors hold a control ten times bigger than what could be expected based on their wealth. ... Recent works have shown that when a financial network is very densely connected it is prone to systemic risk. Indeed, while in good times the network is seemingly robust, in bad times firms go into distress simultaneously. This knife-edge property was witnessed during the recent (2009) financial turmoil "[9]
- ^ a b Li, Rita Yi Man; Li, Yi Lut (1 June 2013). "The Role of Competition Law(Act): An Asian Perspective". SSRN 2281756.
- ^ a b c Taylor, Martyn D. (2006). International competition law: a new dimension for the WTO?. Cambridge University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-521-86389-6. Archived from the original on 14 December 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
- ^ Cartel Damage Claims (CDC). "Cartel Damage Claims (CDC)". www.carteldamageclaims.com/. Archived from the original on 12 April 2024. Retrieved 23 June 2014.
- ^ "Antitrust: Overview – Competition – European Commission". ec.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
- ^ "Trust Busting - Ohio History Central". ohiohistorycentral.org. Archived from the original on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
- ^ Topping, Simon; Tweedale, Patrick. "UAE Competition Law: New Regulations and Potential Effect on M&A Transactions". Transaction Advisors. ISSN 2329-9134. Archived from the original on 23 June 2017. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
- ^ JG Castel, 'The Extraterritorial Effects of Antitrust Laws' (1983) 179 Recueil des Cours 9
- ^ Taylor, Martyn D. (2006). International competition law: a new dimension for the WTO?. Cambridge University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-521-86389-6. Archived from the original on 14 December 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
- ^ Vitali, Stefania; Glattfelder, James B.; Battiston, Stefano (2011). "The Network of Global Corporate Control". PLOS ONE. 6 (10): e25995. arXiv:1107.5728. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...625995V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025995. PMC 3202517. PMID 22046252.