Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System

Mission type	Weather research
Operator	NASA
COSPAR ID	2016-078A, 2016-078B, 2016-078C, 2016-078D, 2016-078E, 2016-078F, 2016-078G, 2016-078H
SATCAT no.	41884, 41885, 41886, 41887, 41888, 41889, 41890, 41891
Website	cygnss-michigan.org
Mission duration	Planned: 2 years ; Elapsed: 7 years, 8 months, 3 days
Spacecraft properties
Manufacturer	University of Michigan; Southwest Research Institute;
Launch mass	28.9 kg (64 lb) each
Dimensions	163.5 × 52.1 × 22.9 cm (64.4 × 20.5 × 9.0 in) ; (L x W x D)
Power	34.7 watts
Start of mission
Launch date	December 15, 2016, 13:37:21 UTC
Rocket	Pegasus XL F43
Launch site	Cape Canaveral (Stargazer)
Contractor	Orbital ATK
Entered service	March 23, 2017
Orbital parameters
Reference system	Geocentric
Regime	Low Earth
Semi-major axis	6,903 km (4,289 mi)
Eccentricity	0.00162
Perigee altitude	514 km (319 mi)
Apogee altitude	536 km (333 mi)
Inclination	35 degrees
Period	95.1 minutes
Epoch	April 15, 2017, 22:21:25 UTC
Instruments
	Delay Doppler Mapping Instrument

The Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) is a space-based system developed by the University of Michigan and Southwest Research Institute with the aim of improving hurricane forecasting by better understanding the interactions between the sea and the air near the core of a storm.

In June 2012, NASA sponsored the project for $152 million with the University of Michigan leading its development.^[6]^[7] Other participants in CYGNSS' development include the Southwest Research Institute, Sierra Nevada Corporation, and Surrey Satellite Technology.^[8]

The plan was to build a constellation of eight micro-satellites to be launched simultaneously in a single launch vehicle^[9] into low Earth orbit,^[7] ^[10] at 500 km altitude.^[11] The program was scheduled to launch December 12, 2016, and then observe two hurricane seasons.^[12]^[13] Problems with a pump on the launching aircraft prevented this first launch, but a second launch attempt took place successfully on December 15, 2016. In 2022, one of the satellites, FM06, abruptly ceased operations.^[14]

^ ^a ^b "CYGNSS Press Kit" (PDF). NASA. December 16, 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 8, 2018. Retrieved April 17, 2017.
^ ^a ^b Graham, William (December 15, 2016). "Pegasus launches CYGNSS constellation following Stargazer release". NASA Spaceflight. Retrieved April 17, 2017.
^ "NASA's CYGNSS Satellite Constellation Enters Science Operations Phase". NASA. March 31, 2017. Archived from the original on June 29, 2017. Retrieved April 16, 2017.
^ Cite error: The named reference sfnow20161215 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ "CYGNSS - Orbit". Heavens-Above. April 15, 2017.
^ "U-M To Lead $152M NASA Satellite Project". Associated Press. June 19, 2012. Retrieved June 22, 2012.
^ ^a ^b Clark, Stephen (June 21, 2012). "NASA funds satellite mission to measure hurricane winds". SpaceflightNow. Retrieved June 22, 2012.
^ "NASA Selects Low Cost, High Science Earth Venture Space System". NASA. June 18, 2012. Retrieved June 24, 2012.
^ "U-M to Lead $150M NASA Hurricane Prediction Project". University of Michigan. June 19, 2012. Archived from the original on June 23, 2012. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
^ Aldridge, James (June 21, 2012). "NASA taps SwRI on research effort to map hurricanes". San Antonio Business Journal. Retrieved June 22, 2012.
^ Cite error: The named reference UMich factsheet was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ "CYGNSS Mission". University of Michigan. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
^ "University of Michigan, NASA team up for hurricane satellite project". Michigan Radio. June 19, 2012. Retrieved April 11, 2023.
^ "Notes from the Field - Happy Sixth Birthday to the CYGNSS Constellation". NASA Earth Observatory. December 15, 2022. Retrieved October 3, 2023.

[cygnss.press.kit-1] "CYGNSS Press Kit" (PDF). NASA. December 16, 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 8, 2018. Retrieved April 17, 2017.

[nasasf20161215-2] Graham, William (December 15, 2016). "Pegasus launches CYGNSS constellation following Stargazer release". NASA Spaceflight. Retrieved April 17, 2017.

[3] "NASA's CYGNSS Satellite Constellation Enters Science Operations Phase". NASA. March 31, 2017. Archived from the original on June 29, 2017. Retrieved April 16, 2017.

[sfnow20161215-4] Cite error: The named reference sfnow20161215 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[heavens.orbit-5] "CYGNSS - Orbit". Heavens-Above. April 15, 2017.

[bare_url-6] "U-M To Lead $152M NASA Satellite Project". Associated Press. June 19, 2012. Retrieved June 22, 2012.

[spaceflightnow-7] Clark, Stephen (June 21, 2012). "NASA funds satellite mission to measure hurricane winds". SpaceflightNow. Retrieved June 22, 2012.

[nasagov-8] "NASA Selects Low Cost, High Science Earth Venture Space System". NASA. June 18, 2012. Retrieved June 24, 2012.

[bare_url_a-9] "U-M to Lead $150M NASA Hurricane Prediction Project". University of Michigan. June 19, 2012. Archived from the original on June 23, 2012. Retrieved November 14, 2016.

[bizjournals-10] Aldridge, James (June 21, 2012). "NASA taps SwRI on research effort to map hurricanes". San Antonio Business Journal. Retrieved June 22, 2012.

[UMich_factsheet-11] Cite error: The named reference UMich factsheet was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[CYGNSS_Mission-12] "CYGNSS Mission". University of Michigan. Retrieved February 11, 2016.

[13] "University of Michigan, NASA team up for hurricane satellite project". Michigan Radio. June 19, 2012. Retrieved April 11, 2023.

[14] "Notes from the Field - Happy Sixth Birthday to the CYGNSS Constellation". NASA Earth Observatory. December 15, 2022. Retrieved October 3, 2023.

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Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System

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