D-dimer

D-dimer (or D dimer) is a dimer that is a fibrin degradation product (or FDP), a small protein fragment present in the blood after a blood clot is degraded by fibrinolysis. It is so named because it contains two D fragments of the fibrin protein joined by a cross-link, hence forming a protein dimer.[1]

D-dimer concentration may be determined by a blood test to help diagnose thrombosis.[2] Since its introduction in the 1990s, it has become an important test performed in people with suspected thrombotic disorders, such as venous thromboembolism.[2][3] While a negative result practically rules out thrombosis, a positive result can indicate thrombosis but does not exclude other potential causes.[3] Its main use, therefore, is to exclude thromboembolic disease where the probability is low.[1][2]

D-dimer levels are used as a predictive biomarker for the blood disorder disseminated intravascular coagulation and in the coagulation disorders associated with COVID-19 infection.[1][3] A four-fold increase in the protein is an indicator of poor prognosis in people hospitalized with COVID-19.[1][3][4]

  1. ^ a b c d Asakura, Hidesaku; Ogawa, Haruhiko (2020). "COVID-19-associated coagulopathy and disseminated intravascular coagulation". International Journal of Hematology. 113 (1): 45–57. doi:10.1007/s12185-020-03029-y. ISSN 0925-5710. PMC 7648664. PMID 33161508.
  2. ^ a b c Khan, Faizan; Tritschler, Tobias; Kahn, Susan R; Rodger, Marc A (2021). "Venous thromboembolism". The Lancet. 398 (10294): 64–77. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32658-1. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 33984268. S2CID 234497047.
  3. ^ a b c d Ponti, G; Maccaferri, M; Ruini, C; Tomasi, A; Ozben, T (2020). "Biomarkers associated with COVID-19 disease progression". Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences. 57 (6): 389–399. doi:10.1080/10408363.2020.1770685. ISSN 1040-8363. PMC 7284147. PMID 32503382.
  4. ^ Velavan, Thirumalaisamy P.; Meyer, Christian G. (25 April 2020). "Mild versus severe COVID-19: laboratory markers". International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 95: 304–307. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.04.061. PMC 7194601. PMID 32344011. Retrieved 25 April 2020.

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