Back ترميز قضباني للحمض النووي Arabic DNK barkodiranje BS DNA barcoding Catalan DNA-Barcoding German Código de barras de la vida Spanish رمزینهگذاری دیانای Persian DNA-viivakoodaus Finnish Barcoding moléculaire French Kode batang DNA ID DNA barcoding Italian
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DNA barcoding is a method of species identification using a short section of DNA from a specific gene or genes. The premise of DNA barcoding is that by comparison with a reference library of such DNA sections (also called "sequences"), an individual sequence can be used to uniquely identify an organism to species, just as a supermarket scanner uses the familiar black stripes of the UPC barcode to identify an item in its stock against its reference database.[1] These "barcodes" are sometimes used in an effort to identify unknown species or parts of an organism, simply to catalog as many taxa as possible, or to compare with traditional taxonomy in an effort to determine species boundaries.[2]
Different gene regions are used to identify the different organismal groups using barcoding. The most commonly used barcode region for animals and some protists is a portion of the cytochrome c oxidase I (COI or COX1) gene, found in mitochondrial DNA. Other genes suitable for DNA barcoding are the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rRNA often used for fungi and RuBisCO used for plants.[3][4][5] Microorganisms are detected using different gene regions. The 16S rRNA gene for example is widely used in identification of prokaryotes, whereas the 18S rRNA gene is mostly used for detecting microbial eukaryotes. These gene regions are chosen because they have less intraspecific (within species) variation than interspecific (between species) variation, which is known as the "Barcoding Gap".[6]
Some applications of DNA barcoding include: identifying plant leaves even when flowers or fruits are not available; identifying pollen collected on the bodies of pollinating animals; identifying insect larvae which may have fewer diagnostic characters than adults; or investigating the diet of an animal based on its stomach content, saliva or feces.[7] When barcoding is used to identify organisms from a sample containing DNA from more than one organism, the term DNA metabarcoding is used,[8][9] e.g. DNA metabarcoding of diatom communities in rivers and streams, which is used to assess water quality.[10]
- ^ "What is DNA Barcoding?". iBOL. Retrieved 2019-03-26.
- ^ Kress, W. John; Erickson, David L., eds. (2012). DNA Barcodes: Methods and Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 858. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-591-6. ISBN 978-1-61779-590-9. S2CID 3668979.
- ^ Irinyi, L.; Lackner, M.; de Hoog, G. S.; Meyer, W. (2015). "DNA barcoding of fungi causing infections in humans and animals". Fungal Biology. 120 (2): 125–136. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2015.04.007. PMID 26781368.
- ^ Schoch, Conrad L.; Seifert, Keith A.; Huhndorf, Sabine; Robert, Vincent; Spouge, John L.; Levesque, C. André; Chen, Wen; Fungal Barcoding Consortium (2012). "Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region as a universal DNA barcode marker for Fungi" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (16): 6241–6246. doi:10.1073/pnas.1117018109. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3341068. PMID 22454494.
- ^ CBOL Plant Working Group; Hollingsworth, P. M.; Forrest, L. L.; Spouge, J. L.; Hajibabaei, M.; Ratnasingham, S.; van der Bank, M.; Chase, M. W.; Cowan, R. S. (2009-08-04). "A DNA barcode for land plants". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (31): 12794–12797. doi:10.1073/pnas.0905845106. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2722355. PMID 19666622.
- ^ Paulay, Gustav; Meyer, Christopher P. (2005-11-29). "DNA Barcoding: Error Rates Based on Comprehensive Sampling". PLOS Biology. 3 (12): e422. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030422. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 1287506. PMID 16336051.
- ^ Soininen, Eeva M; Valentini, Alice; Coissac, Eric; Miquel, Christian; Gielly, Ludovic; Brochmann, Christian; Brysting, Anne K; Sønstebø, Jørn H; Ims, Rolf A (2009). "Analysing diet of small herbivores: the efficiency of DNA barcoding coupled with high-throughput pyrosequencing for deciphering the composition of complex plant mixtures". Frontiers in Zoology. 6 (1): 16. doi:10.1186/1742-9994-6-16. ISSN 1742-9994. PMC 2736939. PMID 19695081.
- ^ Creer, Simon; Deiner, Kristy; Frey, Serita; Porazinska, Dorota; Taberlet, Pierre; Thomas, W. Kelley; Potter, Caitlin; Bik, Holly M. (2016). Freckleton, Robert (ed.). "The ecologist's field guide to sequence-based identification of biodiversity" (PDF). Methods in Ecology and Evolution. 7 (9): 1008–1018. doi:10.1111/2041-210X.12574. S2CID 87512991.
- ^ Leese, Florian; et al. (January 2018). "Why We Need Sustainable Networks Bridging Countries, Disciplines, Cultures and Generations for Aquatic Biomonitoring 2.0: A Perspective Derived from the DNAqua-Net COST Action". Advances in Ecological Research. 58: 63–99. doi:10.1016/bs.aecr.2018.01.001. hdl:1822/72852. ISBN 9780128139493.
- ^ Vasselon, Valentin; Rimet, Frédéric; Tapolczai, Kálmán; Bouchez, Agnès (2017). "Assessing ecological status with diatoms DNA metabarcoding: Scaling-up on a WFD monitoring network (Mayotte island, France)". Ecological Indicators. 82: 1–12. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.06.024. ISSN 1470-160X.