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Deforestation in Thailand refers to the conversion of its forested land to other uses. Deforestation numbers are inexact due to the scope of the issue. According to the Royal Forest Department (RFD) in 2019, Thai forests cover 31.6% (102 million rai) of Thailand's landmass.[1] The department claims that forest coverage grew by 330,000 rai in 2018, an area equivalent in size to the island of Phuket.[2] A year earlier, an academic claimed that, since 2016, forested area has declined by 18,000 rai, a significant improvement over the period 2008–2013, when a forested million rai were lost each year.[3] In 1975, the government set a goal of 40% forest coverage—25% natural forest and 15% commercial forest—within 20 years. To achieve that target in 2018, 27 million rai would have to be afforested.[3]
Between 1945 and 1975, forest cover in Thailand declined from 61% to 34% of the country's land area. Over the succeeding 11 years, Thailand lost close to 28% of all of its remaining forests. This means that the country lost 3.1% of its forest cover each year over that period.[4] An estimate by the World Wildlife Fund concluded that between 1973 and 2009, 43% of forest loss in the Greater Mekong subregion occurred in Thailand and Vietnam.[5]
The Thai Highlands in northern Thailand, the most heavily forested region of the country, were not subject to central government control and settlement until the second half of the 19th century when British timber firms, notably the Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation and the Borneo Company Limited, entered the teak trade in the late-1880s and early-1890s.[6] The Royal Forest Department, created in 1896 and headed by a British forester until 1925, sought to conserve the forests against the worst business practices of British, Thai, and Chinese timber firms who worked in the region.[7]
During the 20th century, deforestation in Thailand was driven primarily by agricultural expansion,[8] although teak deforestation happened as a direct result of logging. The Royal Forest Department has been referred to as "Forest Death" by environmental activists and those living with a close relationship with the forest, as its general promotion of deforestation for logging and other agricultural ventures resulted in the large decline in forest cover.[9] Much of the growth of cropland in the highlands of Thailand, where most of the deforestation has occurred, comes as a result of the growth and globalization of Thailand's agricultural economy and the relative scarcity of land available in the lowlands.
The Thai government, through both legislation and action of the Royal Forest Department, is beginning to emphasize forest restoration through a combination of policies seeking the reservation of existing forest land for conservation and the promotion of tree plantations to contribute to the amount of forest cover.[11] Notably, the country's policies seeking to emphasize conservation and amelioration of upland forests have come into significant conflict with upland communities, whose traditional means of agricultural practice and habitation have been significantly impacted.[4] In addition, a contingent of Buddhist monks in the country, known as "ecology monks", have become increasingly engaged in activities promoting environmental conservation and protection of original forest land.[12][13]
- ^ "Forest area of Thailand, 1973-2018". Royal Forest Department. Retrieved 7 December 2019.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Yonpiam, Chairith (7 December 2019). "Pareena probe must set a precedent". Opinion. Bangkok Post. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
- ^ a b Panyasuppakun, Kornrawee (11 September 2018). "Thailand's green cover in slow decline as 40% goal remains out of reach". The Nation. Archived from the original on 9 June 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
- ^ a b Hares, Minna (2009-03-01). "Forest Conflict in Thailand: Northern Minorities in Focus". Environmental Management. 43 (3): 381–395. Bibcode:2009EnMan..43..381H. doi:10.1007/s00267-008-9239-7. ISSN 1432-1009. PMID 19067036. S2CID 31794031.
- ^ Living Forests Report, Chapter 5 (PDF). Gland, Switzerland: World Wildlife Fund. 2015. p. 35.
Between 1973 and 2009 forests in the Greater Mekong declined by almost a third: 43 per cent in Vietnam and Thailand; 24 per cent in Lao PDR and Myanmar; and 22 per cent in Cambodia.
- ^ Barton, G.A. and B.M. Bennett. (2010) Forestry as Foreign Policy: Anglo-Siamese Relations and the Origins of Britain's Informal Empire in the Teak Forests of Northern Siam, 1883–1925 34 (1): 65-86
- ^ Vandergeest, Peter (1996-03-01). "Mapping nature: Territorialization of forest rights in Thailand". Society & Natural Resources. 9 (2): 159–175. doi:10.1080/08941929609380962. ISSN 0894-1920.
- ^ Delang, C.O. (2002) Deforestation in Northern Thailand: the Result of Hmong Swidden Farming Practices or Thai Development Strategies? Society and Natural Resources 15 (6): 483-501]
- ^ Marks, Danny (2011). "Climate Change and Thailand: Impact and Response". Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs. 33 (2): 229–258. ISSN 1793-284X.
- ^ Zeng, Zhenzhong; Estes, Lyndon; Ziegler, Alan D.; Chen, Anping; Searchinger, Timothy; Hua, Fangyuan; Guan, Kaiyu; Jintrawet, Attachai; F. Wood, Eric (2018). "Highland cropland expansion and forest loss in Southeast Asia in the twenty-first century". Nature Geoscience. 11 (8): 556–562. Bibcode:2018NatGe..11..556Z. doi:10.1038/s41561-018-0166-9. ISSN 1752-0908. S2CID 135397341.
- ^ Pichler, Melanie; Bhan, Manan; Gingrich, Simone (2021-02-01). "The social and ecological costs of reforestation. Territorialization and industrialization of land use accompany forest transitions in Southeast Asia". Land Use Policy. 101: 4–5. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105180. ISSN 0264-8377. S2CID 229427730.
- ^ Darlington, Susan M. (1998). "The Ordination of a Tree: The Buddhist Ecology Movement in Thailand". Ethnology. 37 (1): 1–15. doi:10.2307/3773845. JSTOR 3773845.
- ^ Darlington, Susan M. (2012). The Ordination of a Tree: The Thai Buddhist Environmental Movement. Suny Press.