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Disorders of diminished motivation

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Disorders of diminished motivation (DDM) are a group of disorders involving diminished motivation and associated emotions.[1][2][3][4] Many different terms have been used to refer to diminished motivation.[4][1][2][3][5][6][7] Often however, a spectrum is defined encompassing apathy, abulia, and akinetic mutism, with apathy the least severe and akinetic mutism the most extreme.[1][2][3]

DDM can be caused by psychiatric disorders like depression and schizophrenia, brain injuries, strokes, and neurodegenerative diseases.[4][3][1][5] Damage to the anterior cingulate cortex and to the striatum, which includes the nucleus accumbens and caudate nucleus and is part of the mesolimbic dopamine reward pathway, have been especially associated with DDM.[3][8][4] Diminished motivation can also be induced by certain drugs, including antidopaminergic agents like antipsychotics,[9][10][4][11] selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs),[12][13] and cannabis, among others.[14][15][16]

DDM can be treated with dopaminergic and other activating medications, such as dopamine reuptake inhibitors, dopamine releasing agents, and dopamine receptor agonists, among others.[1][2][3][11] These kinds of drugs have also been used by healthy people to improve motivation.[17][11] A limitation of some medications used to increase motivation is development of tolerance to their effects.[18][19]

  1. ^ a b c d e Cite error: The named reference MarinWilkosz2005 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference SpiegelWarren2018 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ a b c d e f Cite error: The named reference ArntsvanErpLavrijsen2020 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ a b c d e Cite error: The named reference ChongHusain2016 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference ThantYager2019 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference BatailPalaricGuillery2018 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ Salamone JD, Koychev I, Correa M, McGuire P (August 2015). "Neurobiological basis of motivational deficits in psychopathology". Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 25 (8): 1225–1238. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.08.014. PMID 25435083.
  8. ^ Cite error: The named reference Lázaro-Perlado2019 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ Cite error: The named reference SalamoneCorrea2024 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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  11. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference Hailwood2018 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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  15. ^ Cite error: The named reference Pacheco-ColónLimiaGonzalez2018 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. ^ Cite error: The named reference SkumlienLangleySahakian2023 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  17. ^ Cite error: The named reference Kjærsgaard2015 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  18. ^ Cite error: The named reference HandelmanSumiya2022 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  19. ^ Cite error: The named reference ErmerPennickFrick2016 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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