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China conducted a state-sanctioned doping operation in the 1980s and 1990s, according to former General Administration of Sport of China physician Xue Yinxian.[1] Allegations of doping have focused on swimmers[2] and track and field athletes, such as those taught by Ma Junren (the Ma Family Army).[3][4] Three Chinese weightlifters were stripped of their gold Olympic medals at the 2008 Summer Olympics for doping.[5]
China's doping has been attributed to a number of factors, such as the exchange of culture and technology with foreign countries.[6] Some commentators have compared it to doping in East Germany.[7] Discussion of doping scandals involving Chinese athletes in international sports is widely censored in China.[8]
China's swimming programme has seen its reputation tarnished by a series of scandals, most notably when one female swimmer was caught with 13 vials of human growth hormone at Sydney airport ahead of the 1998 world championships in Perth.
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