Back العاطفة عند الحيوانات Arabic Emociones en los animales Spanish عاطفه در جانوران Persian Émotion (zoologie) French Emosi pada hewan ID Emosi pada haiwan Malay Emoção em animais Portuguese Эмоции у животных Russian விலங்குகளிடம் உணர்வு Tamil Hayvonlarda hissiyot Uzbek
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Emotion is defined as any mental experience with high intensity and high hedonic content.[1] The existence and nature of emotions in non-human animals are believed to be correlated with those of humans and to have evolved from the same mechanisms. Charles Darwin was one of the first scientists to write about the subject, and his observational (and sometimes anecdotal) approach has since developed into a more robust, hypothesis-driven, scientific approach.[2][3][4][5] Cognitive bias tests and learned helplessness models have shown feelings of optimism and pessimism in a wide range of species, including rats, dogs, cats, rhesus macaques, sheep, chicks, starlings, pigs, and honeybees.[6][7][8] Jaak Panksepp played a large role in the study of animal emotion, basing his research on the neurological aspect. Mentioning seven core emotional feelings reflected through a variety of neuro-dynamic limbic emotional action systems, including seeking, fear, rage, lust, care, panic and play.[9] Through brain stimulation and pharmacological challenges, such emotional responses can be effectively monitored.[9]
Emotion has been observed and further researched through multiple different approaches including that of behaviourism, comparative, anecdotal, specifically Darwin's approach and what is most widely used today the scientific approach which has a number of subfields including functional, mechanistic, cognitive bias tests, self-medicating, spindle neurons, vocalizations and neurology.
While emotions in nonhuman animals is still quite a controversial topic, it has been studied in an extensive array of species both large and small including primates, rodents, elephants, horses, birds, dogs, cats, honeybees and crayfish.
- ^ Cabanac, Michel (2002). "What is emotion?". Behavioural Processes. 60 (2): 69–83. doi:10.1016/S0376-6357(02)00078-5. PMID 12426062. S2CID 24365776.
- ^ Panksepp, J. (1982). "Toward a general psychobiological theory of emotions". Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 5 (3): 407–422. doi:10.1017/S0140525X00012759. S2CID 145746882.
- ^ "Emotions help animals to make choices (press release)". University of Bristol. 2010. Retrieved October 26, 2013.
- ^ Jacky Turner; Joyce D'Silva, eds. (2006). Animals, Ethics and Trade: The Challenge of Animal Sentience. Earthscan. ISBN 9781844072545. Retrieved October 26, 2013.
- ^ Wong, K. (2013). "How to identify grief in animals". Scientific American. Retrieved October 26, 2013.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Rygulawas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Douglas, C.; Bateson, M.last2=Bateson; Walsh, C.; Béduéc, A.; Edwards, S.A. (2012). "Environmental enrichment induces optimistic cognitive biases in pigs". Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 139 (1–2): 65–73. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2012.02.018.
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Batesonwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b Panksepp, Jaak (2005). "Affective consciousness: Core emotional feelings in animals and humans". Consciousness and Cognition. 14 (1): 30–80. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2004.10.004. PMID 15766890. S2CID 8416255.