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Domestic violence occurs across the world, in various cultures,[1] and affects people across society, at all levels of economic status;[2] however, indicators of lower socioeconomic status (such as unemployment and low income) have been shown to be risk factors for higher levels of domestic violence in several studies.[3] In the United States, according to the Bureau of Justice Statistics in 1995, women reported a six times greater rate of intimate partner violence than men.[4][5][dubious – discuss] However, studies have found that men are much less likely to report victimization in these situations.[6]
While some sources state that gay and lesbian couples experience domestic violence at the same frequency as heterosexual couples,[7] other sources report that domestic violence rates among gay, lesbian and bisexual people might be higher but more under-reported.[8]
- ^ Watts C, Zimmerman C (April 2002). "Violence against women: global scope and magnitude". Lancet. 359 (9313): 1232–7. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08221-1. PMID 11955557. S2CID 38436965.
- ^ Waits, Kathleen (1984–1985). "The Criminal Justice System's Response to Battering: Understanding the Problem, Forging the Solutions". Washington Law Review. 60: 267–330.
- ^ Capaldi, Deborah; et al. (April 2012). "A Systematic Review of Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Violence". Partner Abuse. 3 (2): 231–280. doi:10.1891/1946-6560.3.2.231. PMC 3384540. PMID 22754606.
- ^ Bachman, Ronet; Linda E. Saltzman (August 1995). "Violence against Women: Estimates from the Redesigned Survey" (PDF). US Department of Justice. NCJ 154348. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 26, 2009.
- ^ "References Examining Assaults By Women On Their Spouses Or Male Partners: An Annotated Bibliography". Archived from the original on July 13, 2021. Retrieved January 17, 2010.
- ^ Tonia L. Nicholls; Hamel, John (2007). Family interventions in domestic violence: a handbook of gender-inclusive theory and treatment. New York: Springer Pub. pp. 5–6. ISBN 978-0-8261-0245-4.
- ^ Andrew Karmen (2010). Crime Victims: An Introduction to Victimology. Cengage Learning. p. 255. ISBN 978-0-495-59929-6. Retrieved August 19, 2014.
- ^ Robert L. Hampton; Thomas P. Gullotta (2010). Interpersonal Violence in the African-American Community: Evidence-Based Prevention and Treatment Practices. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-387-29598-5. Retrieved August 19, 2014.