Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is a medication and hormone.[7][8] As a medication, it is used to treat several conditions, including anaphylaxis, cardiac arrest, asthma, and superficial bleeding.[5]Inhaled epinephrine may be used to improve the symptoms of croup.[9] It may also be used for asthma when other treatments are not effective.[5] It is given intravenously, by injection into a muscle, by inhalation, or by injection just under the skin.[5]
Common side effects include shakiness, anxiety, and sweating.[5] A fast heart rate and high blood pressure may occur.[5] Occasionally, it may result in an abnormal heart rhythm.[5] While the safety of its use during pregnancy and breastfeeding is unclear, the benefits to the mother must be taken into account.[5]
^El-Bahr SM, Kahlbacher H, Patzl M, Palme RG (May 2006). "Binding and clearance of radioactive adrenaline and noradrenaline in sheep blood". Veterinary Research Communications. 30 (4). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 423–32. doi:10.1007/s11259-006-3244-1. PMID16502110. S2CID9054777.
^Franksson G, Anggård E (March 2009). "The plasma protein binding of amphetamine, catecholamines and related compounds". Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica. 28 (3). Wiley: 209–14. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1970.tb00546.x. PMID5468075.
^ abcdefghi"Epinephrine". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
^Hummel MD (2012). "Emergency Medications". In Pollak AN (ed.). Nancy Caroline's Emergency Care in the Streets (7th ed.). Burlington: Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 557. ISBN9781449645861. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
^"(-)-adrenaline". Guide to Pharmacology. IUPS/BPS. Archived from the original on 1 September 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
^Everard ML (February 2009). "Acute bronchiolitis and croup". Pediatric Clinics of North America. 56 (1): 119–33, x–xi. doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2008.10.007. PMID19135584.
^Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 6: Widely Projecting Systems: Monoamines, Acetylcholine, and Orexin". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York, USA: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 157. ISBN9780071481274. Epinephrine occurs in only a small number of central neurons, all located in the medulla. Epinephrine is involved in visceral functions, such as the control of respiration. It is also produced by the adrenal medulla.
^World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.