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A flipped classroom is an instructional strategy and a type of blended learning. It aims to increase student engagement and learning by having pupils complete readings at home, and work on live problem-solving during class time.[1] This pedagogical style moves activities, including those that may have traditionally been considered homework, into the classroom. With a flipped classroom, students watch online lectures, collaborate in online discussions, or carry out research at home, while actively engaging concepts in the classroom with a mentor's guidance.
In traditional classroom instruction, the teacher is typically the leader of a lesson, the focus of attention, and the primary disseminator of information during the class period. The teacher responds to questions while students refer directly to the teacher for guidance and feedback. Many traditional instructional models rely on lecture-style presentations of individual lessons, limiting student engagement to activities in which they work independently or in small groups on application tasks, devised by the teacher. The teacher typically takes a central role in class discussions, controlling the conversation's flow.[2] Typically, this style of teaching also involves giving students the at-home tasks of reading from textbooks or practicing concepts by working, for example, on problem sets.[3]
The flipped classroom intentionally shifts instruction to a learner-centered model, in which students are often initially introduced to new topics outside of school, freeing up classroom time for the exploration of topics in greater depth, creating meaningful learning opportunities. With a flipped classroom, 'content delivery' may take a variety of forms, often featuring video lessons prepared by the teacher or third parties, although online collaborative discussions, digital research, and text readings may alternatively be used. The ideal length for a video lesson is widely cited as eight to twelve minutes.[4][5]
Flipped classrooms also redefine in-class activities. In-class lessons accompanying flipped classroom may include activity learning or more traditional homework problems, among other practices, to engage students in the content. Class activities vary but may include: using math manipulatives and emerging mathematical technologies, in-depth laboratory experiments, original document analysis, debate or speech presentation, current event discussions, peer reviewing, project-based learning, and skill development or concept practice[6][7] Because these types of active learning allow for highly differentiated instruction,[8] more time can be spent in class on higher-order thinking skills such as problem-finding, collaboration, design and problem solving as students tackle difficult problems, work in groups, research, and construct knowledge with the help of their teacher and peers.[9][10]
A teacher's interaction with students in a flipped classroom can be more personalized and less didactic. And students are actively involved in knowledge acquisition and construction as they participate in and evaluate their learning.[4][11][12][13]
- ^ Iacopo Falciani (2020). "Flipped classroom". Europass Teacher Academy. Retrieved 2022-12-16.
- ^ Ryback, D.; Sanders, J. (1980). "Humanistic versus traditional teaching styles and student satisfaction". Journal of Humanistic Psychology. 20 (87): 87–90. doi:10.1177/002216788002000106. S2CID 143316058.
- ^ Strauss, Valerie (3 June 2012). "The flip: Turning a classroom upside down". The Washington Post.
- ^ a b Abeysekera, Lakmal; Dawson, Phillip (2015). "Motivation and cognitive load in the flipped classroom: definition, rationale and a call for research". Higher Education Research & Development. 34 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1080/07294360.2014.934336. hdl:10536/DRO/DU:30070647. S2CID 26589773.
- ^ Greg Topp (6 Oct 2011), "Flipped classrooms take advantage of technology", USA Today
- ^ Bergmann, J., & Sams, A. (2012). Flip your classroom: reach every student in every class every day. Washington, DC: International Society for Technology in Education.
- ^ Sparks, Sarah D. (27 September 2011). "Lectures Are Homework in Schools Following Khan Academy Lead". Education Week. Lawrenceville, GA.
- ^ Alvarez, B. (2011). "Flipping the classroom: Homework in class, lessons at home" Archived 2011-12-22 at the Wayback Machine. Education Digest: Essential Readings Condensed For Quick Review, 77 (8): 18–21.
- ^ Bennett, B., Spencer, D., Bergmann, J., Cockrum, T., Musallam, R., Sams, A., Fisch, K., & Overmyer, J. (2013). "The flipped classroom manifest" Archived 2019-05-26 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Fung., C.H. (2020). "How does flipping classroom foster the STEM education: A case study of the FPD model". Technology, Knowledge and Learning. 25 (3): 479–507. doi:10.1007/s10758-020-09443-9. S2CID 216249751.
- ^ Alvarez, B (2011). "Flipping the classroom: Homework in class, lessons at home". Education Digest: Essential Readings Condensed for Quick Review. 77 (8): 18–21.
- ^ "Flipped Learning Network" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-04-22.
- ^ Vitta, Joseph P.; Al-Hoorie, Ali H. (2020). "The flipped classroom in second language learning: A meta-analysis". Language Teaching Research. Advance online publication (5): 1268–1292. doi:10.1177/1362168820981403. S2CID 234415591.