Back Fluktuations-Dissipations-Theorem German Teorema de fluctuación-disipación Spanish قضیه افتوخیز-هدررفت Persian Théorème de fluctuation-dissipation French Teorema di fluttuazione-dissipazione Italian 揺動散逸定理 Japanese Fluctuatie-dissipatiestelling Dutch Teorema de flutuação-dissipação Portuguese Флуктуационно-диссипационная теорема Russian Флуктуативно-дисипативна теорема Ukrainian
The fluctuation–dissipation theorem (FDT) or fluctuation–dissipation relation (FDR) is a powerful tool in statistical physics for predicting the behavior of systems that obey detailed balance. Given that a system obeys detailed balance, the theorem is a proof that thermodynamic fluctuations in a physical variable predict the response quantified by the admittance or impedance (to be intended in their general sense, not only in electromagnetic terms) of the same physical variable (like voltage, temperature difference, etc.), and vice versa. The fluctuation–dissipation theorem applies both to classical and quantum mechanical systems.
The fluctuation–dissipation theorem was proven by Herbert Callen and Theodore Welton in 1951[1] and expanded by Ryogo Kubo. There are antecedents to the general theorem, including Einstein's explanation of Brownian motion[2] during his annus mirabilis and Harry Nyquist's explanation in 1928 of Johnson noise in electrical resistors.[3]
- ^ H.B. Callen; T.A. Welton (1951). "Irreversibility and Generalized Noise". Physical Review. 83 (1): 34–40. Bibcode:1951PhRv...83...34C. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.83.34.
- ^ Einstein, Albert (May 1905). "Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen". Annalen der Physik. 322 (8): 549–560. Bibcode:1905AnP...322..549E. doi:10.1002/andp.19053220806.
- ^ Nyquist H (1928). "Thermal Agitation of Electric Charge in Conductors". Physical Review. 32 (1): 110–113. Bibcode:1928PhRv...32..110N. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.32.110.