Back نيجميات Arabic نيجميات ARZ Geastrales Spanish Geastrales Estonian فندقیقارچسانان Persian Geastrales French Geastrales Dutch Gwiazdoszowce Polish Geastrales Portuguese Geastrales Swedish
| Geastrales | |
|---|---|
| |
| Geastrum triplex | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Subclass: | Phallomycetidae |
| Order: | Geastrales K.Hosaka & Castellano (2007)[2] |
| Family: | Geastraceae Corda (1842)[1] |
| Type genus | |
| Geastrum Pers. (1801)
| |
| Genera | |
|
Geasteroides | |
| Synonyms[3] | |
|
Sphaerobolaceae J.Schröter (1889) | |
Geastrales is an order of gasterocarpic basidiomycetes (fungi) that are related to Cantharellales. The order contains the single family Geastraceae, which includes the "earthstars" formerly placed in Lycoperdales or Phallales.[4][5]
Approximately 64 species are classified in this family, divided among eight genera, including Geastrum, Myriostoma and Sphaerobolus. Sphaerobolus species are known as "shotgun fungus" or "cannonball fungus". They colonize wood-based mulches and may throw black, sticky, spore-containing globs onto nearby surfaces.[6][7]
The fruiting bodies of several earthstars are hygroscopic: in dry weather the "petals" will dry and curl up around the soft spore sac, protecting it. In this state, often the whole fungus becomes detached from the ground and may roll around like a tumbleweed. Once mature, their exoperidium splits into a variable number of rays, which give Geastrum their visible star shape. The exoperidial rays are there to protect the endoperidial body and orchestrate spore dispersal.[8] In wetter weather, the "petals" moisten and uncurl; some even curl backward lifting the spore sac up. This allows rain or animals to hit the spore sac, emitting spores when enough moisture is present for them to germinate and establish.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Corda1842was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Hosaka2007was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Kirk et al. 2008, p. 648
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Kirk2001was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Kirk2008was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Lehman R (1985). "Black spots on houses—an insect or disease problem?". Penn Dept Agric Bur Pl Ind, Reg Hort. 11: 15–16.
- ^ Brantley EA, Davis DD, Kuhns L (2001). "Biological control of the artillery fungus, Sphaerobolus stellatus, with Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus subtilis". Journal of Environmental Horticulture. 19 (1): 21–23. doi:10.24266/0738-2898-19.1.21.
- ^ Kuhar, F., Castiglia, V., & Papinutti, L. (2013). Geastrum species of the La Rioja province, Argentina. Mycotaxon, 122, 145-156. https://doi.org/10.5248/122.145