Back نسوية راديكالية مقصية للعابرات Arabic Feminisme radical transexcloent Catalan Feminismo Radical Trans-Excluyente Spanish ジェンダークリティカル Japanese 젠더비판적 여성주의 Korean Genderkritisch feminisme Dutch Transekskluderende radikalfeminisme NB Feminismo crítico de gênero Portuguese 排跨基女 Chinese
| Part of a series on |
| Transgender topics |
|---|
| Part of a series on |
| Feminism |
|---|
.svg) |
 Feminism portal |
Gender-critical feminism, also known as trans-exclusionary radical feminism or TERFism,[1][2][3][4] is an ideology or movement that opposes what it refers to as "gender ideology".[5] Gender-critical feminists reject transgender identities and consider the concepts of gender identity and gender self-identification to be inherently oppressive constructs tied to gender roles. They believe that sex is biological, immutable, and binary, and that people should only be identified based on their biological sex rather than their gender identity.[6][7]
Originating as a fringe movement within radical feminism mainly in the United States,[4][8][9] trans-exclusionary radical feminism has achieved prominence in the United Kingdom[10] and South Korea,[11][12] where it has been at the centre of high-profile controversies. It has been linked to promotion of disinformation[13][14][15] and to the anti-gender movement.[16] Anti-gender rhetoric has seen increasing circulation in gender-critical feminist discourse since 2016, including use of the term "gender ideology".[5] In several countries, gender-critical feminist groups have formed alliances with right-wing, far-right, and anti-feminist organisations.[17][18][19][20]
Gender-critical feminism has been described as transphobic by feminist and scholarly critics,[1][4] and is opposed by many feminist, LGBT rights, and human rights organizations.[21][22] The Council of Europe has condemned gender-critical ideology, among other ideologies, and linked it to "virulent attacks on the rights of LGBTI people" in Hungary, Poland, Russia, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and other countries.[23] UN Women has described the gender-critical movement, among other movements, as extreme anti-rights movements that employ hate propaganda and disinformation.[24][25]
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
Thurlowwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Williamswas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Rogers, Baker A. (2023). "TERFs aren't feminists: lesbians stand against trans exclusion". Journal of Lesbian Studies. 28 (1): 24–43. doi:10.1080/10894160.2023.2252286. PMID 37679960. S2CID 261608725.
many lesbians despise TERF ideology
- ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference
Bassiwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b Pearce, Ruth; Erikainen, Sonja; Vincent, Ben (2020). "TERF wars: An introduction". The Sociological Review. 68 (4): 677–698. doi:10.1177/0038026120934713. hdl:2164/18988. S2CID 221097475. Archived from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
- ^ UK Parliament (7 December 2022). "Employment Tribunal rulings on gender-critical beliefs in the workplace". House of Commons Library. Archived from the original on 11 May 2024. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
- ^ Sullivan, Alice; Todd, Selina (10 July 2023), "Introduction", Sex and Gender (1 ed.), London: Routledge, pp. 1–15, doi:10.4324/9781003286608-1, ISBN 978-1-003-28660-8, retrieved 20 October 2023
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Thomsenwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
BDwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
HinesSocRevwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
:7was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Lee, Hyun-Jae (December 2020). "A Critical Study of Identity Politics Based on the Category 'Biological Woman' in the Digital Era: How Young Korean Women Became Transgender Exclusive Radical Feminists". Journal of Asian Sociology. 49 (4): 425–448. doi:10.21588/dns.2020.49.4.003. JSTOR 26979894.
- ^ Billard, Thomas J (3 April 2023). ""Gender-Critical" Discourse as Disinformation: Unpacking TERF Strategies of Political Communication". Women's Studies in Communication. 46 (2): 235–243. doi:10.1080/07491409.2023.2193545. ISSN 0749-1409. S2CID 258464300. Archived from the original on 2 July 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ^ Willem, Cilia; Platero, R. Lucas; Tortajada, Iolanda (2022). "Trans-exclusionary Discourses on Social Media in Spain". Identities and Intimacies on Social Media. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 185–200. doi:10.4324/9781003250982-15. ISBN 978-1-003-25098-2. OCLC 1334107848.
- ^ Tudor, Alyosxa (May 2023). "The anti-feminism of anti-trans feminism". European Journal of Women's Studies. 30 (2): 290–302. doi:10.1177/13505068231164217. ISSN 1350-5068.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Council of Europe 2021was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Butler, Judith. "Why is the idea of 'gender' provoking backlash the world over?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
- ^ "'Rights aren't a competition': Anti-trans hate is on the rise in Canada, activists and advocates say". CTV News. Archived from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
- ^ Alm, Erika; Engebretsen, Elisabeth L. (15 June 2020). "Gender Self-identification". Lambda Nordica. 25 (1): 48–56. doi:10.34041/ln.v25.613. hdl:11250/3048285. S2CID 225712334.
- ^ Studnik, Joane (24 January 2023). "Was bedeutet TERF? Wie linke Transfeindlichkeit Rechtsextreme stärkt" [What does TERF mean? How left-wing transphobia strengthens the far right]. Der Freitag.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Canada 110was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Toutes des femmeswas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Resolution2417was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
unwomenwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
thetimesantirightswas invoked but never defined (see the help page).