Back Grover Cleveland Afrikaans ግሮቨር ክሊቭላንድ Amharic Grover Cleveland AMI Grover Cleveland AN Grover Cleveland ANG جروفر كليفلاند Arabic ڭروڤر كليڤلاند ARY جروفر كليفلاند ARZ Grover Cleveland AST Grover Cleveland Aymara
Grover Cleveland | |
|---|---|
 Portrait, 1892 | |
| 22nd & 24th President of the United States | |
| In office March 4, 1893 – March 4, 1897 | |
| Vice President | Adlai Stevenson I |
| Preceded by | Benjamin Harrison |
| Succeeded by | William McKinley |
| In office March 4, 1885 – March 4, 1889 | |
| Vice President |
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| Preceded by | Chester A. Arthur |
| Succeeded by | Benjamin Harrison |
| 28th Governor of New York | |
| In office January 1, 1883 – January 6, 1885 | |
| Lieutenant | David B. Hill |
| Preceded by | Alonzo B. Cornell |
| Succeeded by | David B. Hill |
| 35th Mayor of Buffalo | |
| In office January 2, 1882 – November 20, 1882 | |
| Preceded by | Alexander Brush |
| Succeeded by | Marcus M. Drake |
| 17th Sheriff of Erie County | |
| In office January 1, 1871 – December 31, 1873 | |
| Preceded by | Charles Darcy |
| Succeeded by | John B. Weber |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Stephen Grover Cleveland March 18, 1837 Caldwell, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Died | June 24, 1908 (aged 71) Princeton, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Resting place | Princeton Cemetery |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 6, including Ruth, Esther, Richard, and Francis |
| Parent |
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28th Governor of New York
22nd & 24th President of the United States
First presidency
Inter-presidency
Second presidency
Presidential campaigns
Retirement
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Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837 – June 24, 1908) served as the 22nd and 24th president of the United States, from 1885 to 1889 and again from 1893 to 1897. He was the first Democrat to win election to the presidency after the Civil War and the first of two U.S. presidents to serve nonconsecutive terms.[b]
Cleveland was elected mayor of Buffalo in 1881 and governor of New York in 1882. While governor, he closely cooperated with state assembly minority leader Theodore Roosevelt to pass reform measures, winning national attention.[1] He led the Bourbon Democrats, a pro-business movement opposed to high tariffs, free silver, inflation, imperialism, and subsidies to businesses, farmers, or veterans. His crusade for political reform and fiscal conservatism made him an icon for American conservatives of the time.[2] Cleveland also won praise for honesty, self-reliance, integrity, and commitment to the principles of classical liberalism.[3] His fight against political corruption, patronage, and bossism convinced many like-minded Republicans, called "Mugwumps", to cross party lines and support him in the 1884 presidential election, which he narrowly won against Republican James G. Blaine. In his first term, Cleveland signed the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 which made the railroad industry the first industry subject to federal regulation by a regulatory body,[4] and the Dawes Act which would lead to Native Americans ceding control of about 100 million acres of land between 1887 and 1934, which was around "two-thirds of the land base they held in 1887."[5][6] The Dawes Act led to a loss of land ownership and the break-up of traditional leadership of tribes and is seen by scholars one of the most destructive U.S. policies for Native Americans in history.[7][8] In the 1888 election, Cleveland ran against Benjamin Harrison, winning the popular vote but losing the electoral college and therefore the election. After his loss, he returned to New York City and joined a law firm.
In the 1892 election, Cleveland defeated Harrison in both the popular vote and electoral college, restoring him to the White House. One month before his second administration began, the Panic of 1893 sparked the most severe national depression in U.S. history until the Great Depression in the 1930s. An anti-imperialist, Cleveland opposed the push to annex Hawaii, launched an investigation into the 1893 coup against Queen Liliʻuokalani, and called for her to be restored.[9][10] Cleveland intervened in the 1894 Pullman Strike to keep the railroads moving, angering Illinois Democrats and labor unions nationwide; his support of the gold standard and opposition to free silver alienated the agrarian wing of the Democrats.[11] Critics complained that Cleveland had little imagination and seemed overwhelmed by the nation's economic disasters—depressions and strikes—in his second term.[11] Many voters blamed the Democrats, opening the way for a Republican landslide in 1894 and for the agrarian and Silverite seizure of the Democratic Party in the 1896 election. By the end of his second term, he was severely unpopular, even among Democrats.[12]
After leaving the White House, Cleveland served as a trustee of Princeton University and continued to voice his political views. Cleveland joined the American Anti-Imperialist League in protest of the 1898 Spanish-American War.[13] He died in 1908. Cleveland is typically ranked as an average or below-average U.S. president, due to his handling of the Panic of 1893 and the legacy of the Dawes Act.
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).
- ^ "Grover Cleveland Birthplace". National Park Service. Archived from the original on April 4, 2024. Retrieved May 18, 2023.
- ^ Blum, 527
- ^ Jeffers, 8–12; Nevins, 4–5; Beito and Beito
- ^ U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (September 8, 2021). "Interstate Commerce Act (1887)". archives.gov. Retrieved December 31, 2024.
- ^ Schultz, Jeffrey D.; Aoki, Andrew L.; Haynie, Kerry L.; McCulloch, Anne M., eds. (2000). Encyclopedia of Minorities in American Politics: Volume 2 Hispanic Americans and Native Americans. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 608. ISBN 9781573561495.
- ^ "The U.S. Has Nearly 1.9 Billion Acres of Land. Here's How It is Used". NPR.org.
- ^ Grande, Sandy (2015). Red Pedagogy: Native American Social and Political Thought, 10th Anniversary Edition. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 142–143. ISBN 9781610489898.
- ^ Blansett, Kent (2015). Crutchfield, James A.; Moutlon, Candy; Del Bene, Terry (eds.). The Settlement of America: An Encyclopedia of Westward Expansion from Jamestown to the Closing of the Frontier. Routledge. pp. 161–162. ISBN 9780765619846.
- ^ Williams, Ronald Jr. (2021). "Special Rights of Citizenship and the Perpetuation of Oligarchic Rule in the Republic of Hawai'i, 1894–1898". Hawaiian Journal of History. 55 (1): 71–110. doi:10.1353/hjh.2021.0002. ISSN 2169-7639. S2CID 244917322.
- ^ "Grover Cleveland on the Overthrow of Hawaii's Royal Government". Digital History. University of Houston. 1893. Archived from the original on December 15, 2023. Retrieved May 16, 2023.
- ^ a b Tugwell, 220–249
- ^ President-Making in the Gilded Age: The Nominating Conventions of 1876–1900 by Stan M. Haynes page 2
- ^ "The Spanish-American War: The United States Becomes a World Power". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on December 11, 2023. Retrieved May 16, 2023.
In June 1898, the American Anti-Imperialist League was formed ... Its members included former President Grover Cleveland.