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| Gymnosporangium | |
|---|---|
| |
| Gymnosporangium juniperi | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Pucciniomycetes |
| Order: | Pucciniales |
| Family: | Gymnosporangiaceae |
| Genus: | Gymnosporangium R.Hedw. ex DC. (1805) |
| Type species | |
| Gymnosporangium fuscum DC. (1805)
| |
Gymnosporangium is a genus of heteroecious plant-pathogenic fungi which alternately infect members of the family Cupressaceae, primarily species in the genus Juniperus (junipers), and members of the family Rosaceae in the subfamily Amygdaloideae (apples, pears, quinces, shadbush, hawthorns, rowans and their relatives). The common name cedar-apple rusts has been used for these fungi.[1] According to the Dictionary of the Fungi (10th edition, 2008), there was 57 species in the genus.[2] In 2023, Species Fungorum lists up to 74 species.[3]
In junipers (the primary hosts, see photo), some species form a ball-like gall about 2–4 cm in diameter which produces a set of orange tentacle-like spore tubes called telial horns. These horns expand and have a jelly like consistency when wet. In other species, such as in G. clarvariforme, the telia are produced directly from the bark of the juniper with no obvious gall formation or swelling.[4] The basidiospores are released and travel on the wind until they infect an apple, pear, hawthorn or suitable tree.
On the secondary hosts, the fungus produces yellowish depressions on the leaves. It also infects the fruit, which grows whitish tubes like a Medusa head. These are the spore tubes. These aeciospores must then infect a juniper to complete the life cycle. All the types of spores can spread over long distances.[5]
The fungus does not cause serious damage to junipers, but apple and pear trees can suffer serious loss of fruit production due to the effects of the fungus. Although the genus has a worldwide distribution, its impact depends on availability of its two host plant species. Individual species are found in Northern and Central America, Asia, Europe and the Middle East.[5]
Due to the economic impacts of the rusts in some areas where orchards are of commercial importance, some regions have attempted to ban the planting of and/or eradicate the coniferous hosts.[6]
In 2020, the monotypic family Gymnosporangiaceae was proposed to accommodate Gymnosporangium.[7] As accepted by Wijayawardene et al. 2020.[8]
- ^ Kern, Frank D (1973). Revised Taxonomic Account of Gymnosporangium. Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 136. ISBN 978-0271011059.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Kirk2008was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Fungorumwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Brand, Bert; Brand, Gill; Shattock, Richard (October 2006). "Sorting out Gymnosporangium species – the aecial stage". Field Mycology. 7 (4): 123–127. doi:10.1016/S1468-1641(10)60574-9.
- ^ a b "Diagnostics - Gymnosporangium spp. (non-European)". OEPP/EPPO Bulletin. 36: 41–446. 2006.
- ^ "Cedar Apple Rust - Plant of the Week". Archived from the original on 2006-09-26. Retrieved 2006-11-17.
- ^ Zhao, P.; Qi, X.; Crous, P.; Duan, W.; Cai, L. (2020). "Gymnosporangium species on Malus: species delineation, diversity and host alternation". Persoonia. 45 (1): 68–100. doi:10.3767/persoonia.2020.45.03. hdl:2263/80904.
- ^ Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, Laith Khalil Tawfeeq; Somayeh, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8. hdl:10481/61998.