General anaesthetic
Halothane , sold under the brand name Fluothane among others, is a general anaesthetic .[ 5] It can be used to induce or maintain anaesthesia .[ 5] One of its benefits is that it does not increase the production of saliva , which can be particularly useful in those who are difficult to intubate .[ 5] It is given by inhalation .[ 5]
Side effects include an irregular heartbeat , respiratory depression , and hepatotoxicity .[ 5] Like all volatile anesthetics, it should not be used in people with a personal or family history of malignant hyperthermia .[ 5] It appears to be safe in porphyria .[ 6] It is unclear whether its usage during pregnancy is harmful to the fetus, and its use during a C-section is generally discouraged.[ 7] Halothane is a chiral molecule that is used as a racemic mixture .[ 8]
Halothane was discovered in 1951.[ 9] It was approved for medical use in the United States in 1958.[ 3] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines .[ 10] Its use in developed countries has been mostly replaced by newer anesthetic agents such as sevoflurane .[ 11] It is no longer commercially available in the United States.[ 7] Halothane also contributes to ozone depletion .[ 12] [ 13]
^ Anvisa (31 March 2023). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 4 April 2023). Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023 .
^ "Halothane, USP" . DailyMed . 18 September 2013. Retrieved 11 February 2022 .
^ a b "Fluothane: FDA-Approved Drugs" . U.S. Food and Drug Administration . Retrieved 12 February 2022 .
^ "Halothane" . DrugBank . DB01159.
^ a b c d e f World Health Organization (2009). Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR (eds.). WHO Model Formulary 2008 . World Health Organization. pp. 17–8. hdl :10665/44053 . ISBN 9789241547659 .
^ James MF, Hift RJ (July 2000). "Porphyrias" . British Journal of Anaesthesia . 85 (1): 143–53. doi :10.1093/bja/85.1.143 . PMID 10928003 .
^ a b "Halothane - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses" . www.drugs.com . June 2005. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016 .
^ Bricker S (17 June 2004). The Anaesthesia Science Viva Book . Cambridge University Press. p. 161. ISBN 9780521682480 . Archived from the original on 10 September 2017 – via Google Books.
^ Walker SR (2012). Trends and Changes in Drug Research and Development . Springer Science & Business Media. p. 109. ISBN 9789400926592 . Archived from the original on 10 September 2017.
^ World Health Organization (2023). The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023) . Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl :10665/371090 . WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02.
^ Yentis SM, Hirsch NP, Ip J (2013). Anaesthesia and Intensive Care A-Z: An Encyclopedia of Principles and Practice (5th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 264. ISBN 9780702053757 . Archived from the original on 10 September 2017.
^ Kümmerer K (2013). Pharmaceuticals in the Environment: Sources, Fate, Effects and Risks . Springer Science & Business Media. p. 33. ISBN 9783662092590 .
^ Langbein T, Sonntag H, Trapp D, Hoffmann A, Malms W, Röth EP, et al. (January 1999). "Volatile anaesthetics and the atmosphere: atmospheric lifetimes and atmospheric effects of halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, desflurane and sevoflurane" . British Journal of Anaesthesia . 82 (1): 66–73. doi :10.1093/bja/82.1.66 . PMID 10325839 .