Back Halter (tweevlerkiges) Afrikaans أثقال (أحياء) Arabic Halteri Catalan Haltere German Halterio Spanish Väristin Finnish Haltère (insecte) French Halterio Galician בוכניות HE Billér Hungarian

Halteres

This article is about insect anatomy. For halteres as used in ancient sports, see Halteres (ancient Greece).

8= single pair of wings and 9= halteres
Crane fly haltere
Halteres of a fly moving

Halteres (/hælˈtɪəriːz/; singular halter or haltere) (from Ancient Greek: ἁλτῆρες, hand-held weights to give an impetus in leaping) are a pair of small club-shaped organs on the body of two orders of flying insects that provide information about body rotations during flight.[1] Insects of the large order Diptera (flies) have halteres which evolved from a pair of ancestral hindwings, while males of the much smaller order Strepsiptera (stylops)[2] have halteres which evolved from a pair of ancestral forewings.

Halteres oscillate rapidly along with the wings and operate like vibrating structure gyroscopes:[3] any rotation of the plane of oscillation causes a force on the vibrating halteres by the Coriolis effect. The insect detects this force with sensory organs called campaniform sensilla and chordotonal organs located at the base of the halteres[3] and uses this information to interpret and correct its position in space. Halteres provide rapid feedback to the wing-steering muscles,[4] as well as to the muscles responsible for stabilizing the head.[5]

  1. ^ Dickinson, Michael H. (29 May 1999). "Haltere–mediated equilibrium reflexes of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 354 (1385): 903–916. doi:10.1098/rstb.1999.0442. PMC 1692594. PMID 10382224.
  2. ^ Merriam-Webster: stylops broadly: an insect of the order Strepsiptera |[1]
  3. ^ a b Pringle, J. W. S. (2 November 1948). "The Gyroscopic Mechanism of the Halteres of Diptera". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B. 233 (602): 347–384. Bibcode:1948RSPTB.233..347P. doi:10.1098/rstb.1948.0007.
  4. ^ Fox, Jessica L.; Fairhall, Adrienne L.; Daniel, Thomas L. (23 February 2010). "Encoding properties of haltere neurons enable motion feature detection in a biological gyroscope". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (8): 3840–3845. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.3840F. doi:10.1073/pnas.0912548107. PMC 2840414. PMID 20133721.
  5. ^ Hengstenberg, Roland (1988). "Mechanosensory control of compensatory head roll during flight in the blowfly Calliphora erythrocephala Meig". Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 163 (2): 151–165. doi:10.1007/BF00612425. S2CID 15034239.
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