Hapa (/ˈhɑːpə/[1]) is a Hawaiian word for someone of multiracial ancestry. In Hawaii, the word refers to any person of mixed ethnic heritage, regardless of the specific mixture.[2][3] The term is used for any multiracial person of partial East Asian, Southeast Asian, or Pacific Islander mixture in California.[1][4][5][6][7] In what can be characterized as trans-cultural diffusion or the wave model, this latter usage has also spread to Massachusetts,[8] Ohio,[9] and Oregon.[10]
Both uses are concurrent.[11][12][13][14][15][16][a]
- ^ a b "Definition of hapa | Dictionary.com". www.dictionary.com. Retrieved August 20, 2022.
- ^ Bernstein & De la Cruz 2009, p. 723: "Thus, for locals in Hawai’i, both hapa or hapa haole are used to depict people of mixed-race heritage."
- ^ Taniguchi & Heidenreich 2006, p. 137: "Currently, Hawaiian locals use 'hapa' to refer to any individual who is racially mixed."
- ^ Ho, Jennifer Ann (2015). Racial Ambiguity in Asian American Culture. Asian American Studies Today. Rutgers University Press. p. 153. ISBN 9780813570716. OCLC 973052426. Retrieved November 19, 2018.
- ^ Sunakawa, Ellie; Willmore, Alison; Varner, Will; Rosenberg, Shannon; Nguyen, Dao; Hua, Bryant (May 7, 2015). "31 Things All Half-Asians Know To Be True". BuzzFeed. Retrieved November 19, 2018.
- ^ Chew, Erin (March 22, 2016). "Are we using the word 'Hapa' in the wrong context?". You Offend Me You Offend My Family. Retrieved November 19, 2018.
- ^ Gamble, Adriane E. (October 2009). "Hapas: Emerging Identity, Emerging Terms and Labels & the Social Construction of Race" (PDF). Stanford Journal of Asian American Studies. II. Retrieved November 18, 2018.
- ^ Niu, Lian (October 11, 2022). "Half Asian People's Association strives to 'connect through the disconnects'". The Daily Free Press. ISSN 1094-7337. Retrieved October 11, 2022.
- ^ "Half-Asian People's Association : Find a Student Organization : Student Activities". activities.osu.edu. January 26, 2021. Archived from the original on November 5, 2022. Retrieved December 10, 2022.
- ^ "Hapa, Asian, and Pacific Islander (H.A.P.I.)". The City of Portland, Oregon. August 1, 2016. Archived from the original on November 5, 2022. Retrieved December 10, 2022.
- ^ Huynh-Hohnbaum & Yoo 2009, p. 437: "The term "hapa" is commonly used to refer to multiracial Asian and Pacific Islanders (APIs) and originates from a Native Hawaiian word.".
- ^ Bernstein & De la Cruz 2009, p. 723: "Today, 'hapa' is used to describe any person of mixed East and South East Asian or Pacific Islander descent."
- ^ Ozaki & Johnston 2009, pp. 53–54: "Currently, hapa is often used to refer to anyone of a racially mixed Asian heritage, and even more recently to anyone who is of mixed-race heritage (Taniguchi & Heidenreich 2006)."
- ^ Folen, Alana; Ng, Tina. "The Hapa Project: How multiracial identity crosses oceans". soc.hawaii.edu. University of Hawaii at Manoa. Archived from the original on September 18, 2009.
Jonathan Okamura, professor of ethnic studies at the University of Hawai`i at Manoa, explained that although hapa is a word that describes all people of mixed ancestry, hapa is primarily used to describe people who are half white and half East or Southeast Asian American.
- ^ Taniguchi & Heidenreich 2006, p. 135: "In the United States, individuals recognized the term as meaning mixed Asian/Pacific Islander or, more popularly, part Asian."
- ^ Downes, Lawrence (March 11, 2017). "In Los Angeles, a Festival of Love and Hapa-ness". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
- ^ Office of Management and Budget (October 30, 1997), "Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity", Office of Management and Budget, archived from the original on January 21, 2017 – via National Archives
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