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Herpesviridae

Herpesviridae
Virus classification Edit this classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Duplodnaviria
Kingdom: Heunggongvirae
Phylum: Peploviricota
Class: Herviviricetes
Order: Herpesvirales
Family: Orthoherpesviridae
Subfamilies and genera

See text

Herpesviridae is a large family of DNA viruses that cause infections and certain diseases in animals, including humans.[1][2][3] The members of this family are also known as herpesviruses. The family name is derived from the Greek word ἕρπειν (herpein 'to creep'), referring to spreading cutaneous lesions, usually involving blisters, seen in flares of herpes simplex 1, herpes simplex 2 and herpes zoster (shingles).[4] In 1971, the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) established Herpesvirus as a genus with 23 viruses among four groups.[5] As of 2020, 115 species are recognized, all but one of which are in one of the three subfamilies.[6] Herpesviruses can cause both latent and lytic infections.

Nine herpesvirus types are known to primarily infect humans,[7] at least five of which are extremely widespread among most human populations, and which cause common diseases: herpes simplex 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2, also known as HHV-1 and HHV-2; both of which can cause orolabial and genital herpes), varicella zoster (or HHV-3; the cause of chickenpox and shingles), Epstein–Barr (EBV or HHV-4; implicated in several diseases, including mononucleosis and some cancers), and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV or HHV-5). More than 90% of adults have been infected with at least one of these, and a latent form of the virus remains in almost all humans who have been infected.[8][9][10] Other human herpesviruses are human herpesvirus 6A and 6B (HHV-6A and HHV-6B), human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7), and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV, also known as HHV-8).[7] HHV here stands for "Human Herpesvirus".

In total, more than 130 herpesviruses are known,[11] some of them from mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, amphibians, and molluscs.[7] Among the animal herpesviruses are pseudorabies virus causing Aujeszky's disease in pigs, and bovine herpesvirus 1 causing bovine infectious rhinotracheitis and pustular vulvovaginitis.

  1. ^ Ryan KJ; Ray CG, eds. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
  2. ^ Mettenleiter; et al. (2008). "Molecular Biology of Animal Herpesviruses". Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-22-6. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  3. ^ Sandri-Goldin RM, ed. (2006). Alpha Herpesviruses: Molecular and Cellular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-09-7. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  4. ^ Beswick TS (1962). "The Origin and the Use of the Word Herpes". Med Hist. 6 (3): 214–232. doi:10.1017/S002572730002737X. PMC 1034725. PMID 13868599.
  5. ^ Wildy P (1971). "Classification and nomenclature of viruses. First report of the International Committee on Nomenclature of Viruses". Monographs in Virology. 5: 1–81. OCLC 333944.
  6. ^ "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). March 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
  7. ^ a b c John Carter; Venetia Saunders (15 August 2007). Virology, Principles and Applications. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-02386-0.
  8. ^ Chayavichitsilp P, Buckwalter JV, Krakowski AC, Friedlander SF (April 2009). "Herpes simplex". Pediatrics in Review. 30 (4): 119–29, quiz 130. doi:10.1542/pir.30-4-119. PMID 19339385. S2CID 34735917.
  9. ^ In the United States, as many as 15% of adults between 35 and 72 years of age have been infected. Archived 20 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine National Center for Infectious Diseases
  10. ^ Staras SA, Dollard SC, Radford KW, Flanders WD, Pass RF, Cannon MJ (November 2006). "Seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus infection in the United States, 1988–1994". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 43 (9): 1143–51. doi:10.1086/508173. PMID 17029132.
  11. ^ Brown JC, Newcomb WW (August 2011). "Herpesvirus capsid assembly: insights from structural analysis". Current Opinion in Virology. 1 (2): 142–9. doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2011.06.003. PMC 3171831. PMID 21927635.
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