History of Taiwan

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The history of the island of Taiwan dates back tens of thousands of years to the earliest known evidence of human habitation.^[1][2] The sudden appearance of a culture based on agriculture around 3000 BC is believed to reflect the arrival of the ancestors of today's Taiwanese indigenous peoples.^[3] Han Chinese began arriving to Taiwan no later than the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368).^[4] Named Formosa by Portuguese explorers, was colonized by the Spanish, who built a settlement in the north which lasted until 1642, and was also colonized by the Dutch, when Chinese colonization began.^[5] After the Dutch left, the Chinese population began to rival the numbers of Austronesian natives on Taiwan,^[6] a process that would accelerate during the Qing dynasty.^[5][6] The displacement of Taiwan natives has been called settler colonialism,^[5][7] and included Chinese claiming native land by force, confiscating native means to feed and killing natives that didn't abide Chinese rule.^[5]

In 1662, Koxinga defeated the Dutch and established a base of operations on the island. His descendants were defeated by the Qing dynasty in 1683 and their territory in Taiwan was annexed by the Qing dynasty. Over two centuries of Qing rule, Taiwan's population increased by over two million and became majority Han Chinese due to illegal cross-strait migrations from mainland China and encroachment on Taiwanese indigenous territory. Due to the continued expansion of Chinese settlements, Qing-governed territory eventually encompassed the entire western plains and the northeast. The Qing ceded Taiwan and Penghu to Japan after losing the First Sino-Japanese War in 1895. Taiwan experienced industrial growth and became a productive rice- and sugar-exporting Japanese colony. During the Second Sino-Japanese War it served as a base for invasions of China, and later Southeast Asia and the Pacific during World War II.

In 1945, following the end of hostilities in World War II, the nationalist government of the Republic of China (ROC), led by the Kuomintang (KMT), took control of Taiwan. The legality and nature of its control of Taiwan, including transfer of sovereignty, is debated.^[8][9] In 1949, after losing control of mainland China in the Chinese Civil War, the ROC government under the KMT withdrew to Taiwan where Chiang Kai-shek declared martial law. The KMT ruled Taiwan (along with the islands of Kinmen, Wuqiu and the Matsu) as a single-party state for forty years until democratic reforms in the 1980s. The first-ever direct presidential election was held in 1996. During the post-war period, Taiwan experienced rapid industrialization and economic growth known as the "Taiwan Miracle", and was one of the "Four Asian Tigers".