Imhotep | |
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Ancient Egyptian: Jj m ḥtp | |
![]() Statuette of Imhotep, c. 650 BC | |
Burial place | Saqqara (probable) |
Other names | Asclepius (name in Greek) Imouthes (also name in Greek) |
Occupation(s) | chancellor to the King Djoser and High Priest of Ra |
Years active | c. 2625 BC |
Known for | Being the architect of Djoser's step pyramid |
Imhotep in hieroglyphs | ||||||
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Imhotep Jj m ḥtp He who comes in peace | ||||||
Jj m ḥtp | ||||||
Jj m ḥtp | ||||||
Greek Manetho variants: |
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Ancient Egyptian religion |
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Imhotep (/ɪmˈhoʊtɛp/;[1] Ancient Egyptian: ỉỉ-m-ḥtp "(the one who) comes in peace";[2] fl. c. 2625 BC) was an Egyptian chancellor to the King Djoser, possible architect of Djoser's step pyramid, and high priest of the sun god Ra at Heliopolis. Very little is known of Imhotep as a historical figure, but in the 3,000 years following his death, he was gradually glorified and deified.
Traditions from long after Imhotep's death treated him as a great author of wisdom texts[3] and especially as a physician.[4][5][6][7][8] No text from his lifetime mentions these capacities and no text mentions his name in the first 1,200 years following his death.[9][10] Apart from the three short contemporary inscriptions that establish him as chancellor to the Pharaoh, the first text to reference Imhotep dates to the time of Amenhotep III (c. 1391–1353 BC). It is addressed to the owner of a tomb and reads:
The wab-priest may give offerings to your ka. The wab-priests may stretch to you their arms with libations on the soil, as it is done for Imhotep with the remains of the water bowl.
— Wildung (1977)[3]
It appears that this libation to Imhotep was done regularly, as they are attested on papyri associated with statues of Imhotep until the Late Period (c. 664–332 BC). Wildung (1977)[3] explains the origin of this cult as a slow evolution of intellectuals' memory of Imhotep, from his death onward. Gardiner finds the cult of Imhotep during the New Kingdom (c. 1550–1077 BC) sufficiently distinct from the usual offerings made to other commoners that the epithet "demigod" is likely justified to describe his veneration.[11]
The first references to the healing abilities of Imhotep occur from the Thirtieth Dynasty (c. 380–343 BC) onward, some 2,200 years after his death.[10]: 127 [3]: 44
Imhotep is among under a dozen non-royal Egyptians who were deified after their deaths.[12][13] The center of his cult was in Memphis. The location of his tomb remains unknown, despite efforts to find it.[14] The consensus is [citation needed]that it is hidden somewhere at Saqqara.