Back Islamitiese Staat Afrikaans Islamischer Staat (Terrororganisation) ALS እስላማዊው መንግሥት Amharic Estau Islamico AN تنظيم الدولة الإسلامية (داعش) Arabic تنظيم الدوله الاسلاميه (داعش) ARZ ইছলামিক ষ্টে'ট অৱ ইৰাক এণ্ড দ্য লেভাণ্ট Assamese Estáu Islámicu AST Исламияб Пачалихъ AV İŞİD Azerbaijani

Islamic State

This article is about the modern Salafi jihadist organisation. For the concept of a state based on Islamic law, see Islamic state. For other uses, see Islamic state (disambiguation).
Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see ISIL (disambiguation), Isis (disambiguation), Daesh (disambiguation), and Daish (surname).

Islamic State
الدولة الإسلامية
ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah
Also known asISIS, ISIL, IS, Daesh
FounderAbu Musab al-Zarqawi †
Leaders
Dates of operation
1999–present
Group(s)
Groups
HeadquartersUnknown (March 2019 – present)
Former
Active regionsMap – refer to following caption
IS territory, in grey, at the time of its greatest territorial extent (May 2015)[44]
Map legend
  •   Islamic State
  •   Iraqi government
  •   Syrian government
  •   Lebanese government
  •   Iraqi Kurdistan forces
  •   Syrian Kurdistan forces
  •   Syrian opposition forces
  •   Turkish Armed Forces
  •   Al-Nusra Front
  •   Hezbollah
  • Note: Iraq and Syria contain large desert areas with sparse populations. These areas are mapped as under the control of forces holding roads and towns within them.
Detailed current maps
Ideology
SloganBaqiya wa Tatamadad (Remaining and Expanding)
StatusActive
Size
List of combatant numbers
  • Inside Syria and Iraq:
    • 1,500–3,000[108] (UN 2024 report)
    • 5,000–10,000[109] (UN Security Council 2019 report)
    • 28,600–31,600 (July 2018)[110] (2016 US Defense Department estimate)
    • 200,000[111][112] (2015 claim by Iraqi Kurdistan Chief of Staff)
    • 100,000[113][112] (2015 Jihadist claim)
    • 35,000–100,000[114] (at peak, US State Department estimate)
  • Outside Syria and Iraq: 32,600–57,900 (See Military activity of ISIL for more detailed estimates.)
  • Estimated total: 61,200–257,900
Civilian population
  • In 2015 (near max extent): 8–12 million[115][116]
  • In 2022 (ISWAP): 800,000[117]
Part ofAl-Qaeda (2004–2013)
AlliesSee section
Opponents
State opponents
Additional opponents
Non-state opponents
Additional opponents
Battles and wars

Primary target of

Part of a series on
Jihadism
Practices and concepts
Islamic fundamentalism
Notable jihadist organisations
Jihadism in Africa
Jihadism in Asia
Jihadism in the West
Islam portal

The Islamic State (IS),[a] also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS) and by its Arabic acronym Daesh,[b] is a transnational Salafi jihadist group.

IS gained global prominence in 2014, when its militants conquered large territories in northwestern Iraq and eastern Syria, taking advantage of the ongoing civil war in Syria and the disintegrating local military forces of Iraq. By the end of 2015, its self-declared caliphate ruled an area with a population of about 12 million,[115][116][161] where they enforced their extremist interpretation of Islamic law, managed an annual budget exceeding US$1 billion, and commanded more than 30,000 fighters.[162] After a grinding conflict with American, Iraqi, and Kurdish forces, IS lost control of all its Middle Eastern territories by 2019, subsequently reverting to insurgency from remote hideouts while continuing its propaganda efforts. These efforts have garnered a significant following in northern and Sahelian Africa,[163][164] where IS still controls a significant territory.[165][166]

Originating in the Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah founded by Abu Omar al-Baghdadi in 2004, the organisation (primarily under the Islamic State of Iraq name) affiliated itself with al-Qaeda in Iraq and fought alongside them during the 2003–2006 phase of the Iraqi insurgency. The group later changed their name to Islamic State of Iraq and Levant for about a year,[167][168] before declaring itself to be a worldwide caliphate,[169][170] called simply the Islamic State (الدولة الإسلامية, ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah).[171]

As a caliphate, IS demanded the religious, political, and military obedience of Muslims worldwide,[172] despite the rejection of its legitimacy by mainstream Muslims and its statehood by the United Nations and most governments.[173] Designated a terrorist organisation by the United Nations and others, IS—during its rule in northern Iraq—launched genocides against Yazidis and Iraqi Turkmen; engaged in persecution of Christians, Shia Muslims, and Mandaeans; publicised videos of beheadings of soldiers, journalists, and aid workers; and destroyed several cultural sites. The group has also perpetrated terrorist massacres in territories outside of its control, such as the November 2015 Paris attacks, the 2024 Kerman bombings in Iran, and the 2024 Crocus City Hall attack in Russia.

After 2015, the Iraqi Armed Forces and the Syrian Democratic Forces pushed back IS and degraded its financial and military infrastructure,[174] assisted by advisors, weapons, training, supplies, and airstrikes by the American-led coalition,[175] and later by Russian airstrikes, bombings, cruise missile attacks, and scorched-earth tactics across Syria, which focused mostly on razing Syrian opposition strongholds rather than IS bases.[176] By March 2019, IS lost the last of its territories in West Asia, although its affiliates maintained a significant territorial presence in Africa as of 2024.[165][166]

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