Jerusalem
| |
---|---|
Nicknames:
| |
Coordinates: 31°46′44″N 35°13′32″E / 31.77889°N 35.22556°E | |
Administered by | Israel |
Claimed by | Israel and Palestine[note 1] |
Israeli district | Jerusalem |
Palestinian governorate | Quds |
Gihon Spring settlement | 3000–2800 BCE |
City of David | c. 1000 BCE |
Present Old City walls built | 1541 |
East-West Jerusalem division | 1948 |
Israeli annexation of East Jerusalem | 1967 |
Jerusalem Law | 1980 |
Government | |
• Type | Mayor–council |
• Body | Jerusalem Municipality |
• Mayor | Moshe Lion (Likud) |
Area | |
• Metropolis | 125,156 dunams (125.156 km2 or 48.323 sq mi) |
• Metro | 652,000 dunams (652 km2 or 252 sq mi) |
Elevation | 754 m (2,474 ft) |
Population (2022) | |
• Metropolis | 981,711 |
• Density | 7,800/km2 (20,000/sq mi) |
• Metro | 1,253,900 |
Demonyms |
|
Time zone | UTC+02:00 (IST, PST) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+03:00 (IDT, PDT) |
Postal code | 9XXXXXX |
Area code | +972-2 |
Website | jerusalem.muni.il |
Official name | Old City of Jerusalem and its Walls |
Type | Cultural |
Criteria | ii, iii, vi |
Designated | 1981 |
Reference no. | 148 |
Region | Arab States |
Endangered | 1982–present |
Part of a series on |
Jerusalem |
---|
![]() |
Jerusalem (/dʒəˈruːsələmˌ -zə-/ jə-ROO-sə-ləm, -zə-; Hebrew: יְרוּשָׁלַיִם Yerushaláyim, pronounced [jeʁuʃaˈlajim] ; Arabic: القُدس al-Quds, pronounced [al.quds] , local pronunciation: [il.ʔuds][5][6][7][note 2]) is a city in the Southern Levant, on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea. It is one of the oldest cities in the world, and is considered holy to the three major Abrahamic religions—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Both the State of Israel and the State of Palestine claim Jerusalem as their capital city. Israel maintains its primary governmental institutions there, and the State of Palestine ultimately foresees it as its seat of power. Neither claim is widely recognized internationally.[note 3][8]
Throughout its long history, Jerusalem has been destroyed at least twice, besieged 23 times, captured and recaptured 44 times, and attacked 52 times.[9] The part of Jerusalem called the City of David shows first signs of settlement in the 4th millennium BCE, in the shape of encampments of nomadic shepherds.[10] During the Canaanite period (14th century BCE), Jerusalem was named as Urusalim on ancient Egyptian tablets, probably meaning "City of Shalem" after a Canaanite deity. During the Israelite period, significant construction activity in Jerusalem began in the 10th century BCE (Iron Age II), and by the 9th century BCE, the city had developed into the religious and administrative center of the Kingdom of Judah.[11] In 1538, the city walls were rebuilt for a last time around Jerusalem under Suleiman the Magnificent of the Ottoman Empire. Today those walls define the Old City, which since the 19th century has been divided into four quarters – the Armenian, Christian, Jewish, and Muslim quarters.[12][13] The Old City became a World Heritage Site in 1981, and is on the List of World Heritage in Danger.[14] Since 1860, Jerusalem has grown far beyond the Old City's boundaries. In 2022, Jerusalem had a population of some 971,800 residents, of which almost 60% were Jews and almost 40% Palestinians.[15][note 4] In 2020, the population was 951,100, of which Jews comprised 570,100 (59.9%), Muslims 353,800 (37.2%), Christians 16,300 (1.7%), and 10,800 unclassified (1.1%).[17]
According to the Hebrew Bible, King David conquered the city from the Jebusites and established it as the capital of the United Kingdom of Israel, and his son, King Solomon, commissioned the building of the First Temple.[note 5] Modern scholars argue that Jews branched out of the Canaanite peoples and culture through the development of a distinct monolatrous—and later monotheistic—religion centered on El/Yahweh.[19][20] These foundational events, straddling the dawn of the 1st millennium BCE, assumed central symbolic importance for the Jewish people.[21][22] The sobriquet of holy city (Hebrew: עיר הקודש, romanized: 'Ir ha-Qodesh) was probably attached to Jerusalem in post-exilic times.[23][24][25] The holiness of Jerusalem in Christianity, conserved in the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible,[26] which Christians adopted as the Old Testament,[27] was reinforced by the New Testament account of Jesus's crucifixion and resurrection there. Meanwhile, in Sunni Islam, Jerusalem is the third-holiest city, after Mecca and Medina.[28][29] The city was the first standard direction for Muslim prayers,[30] and in Islamic tradition, Muhammad made his Night Journey there in 621, ascending to heaven where he spoke to God, per the Quran.[31][32] As a result, despite having an area of only 0.9 km2 (3⁄8 sq mi),[33] the Old City is home to many sites of seminal religious importance, among them the Temple Mount with its Western Wall, Dome of the Rock and al-Aqsa Mosque, and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.
At present, the status of Jerusalem remains one of the core issues in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, West Jerusalem was among the areas incorporated into Israel, while East Jerusalem, including the Old City, was occupied and annexed by Jordan. Israel occupied East Jerusalem from Jordan during the 1967 Six-Day War and subsequently annexed it into the city's municipality, together with additional surrounding territory.[note 6] One of Israel's Basic Laws, the 1980 Jerusalem Law, refers to Jerusalem as the country's undivided capital. All branches of the Israeli government are located in Jerusalem, including the Knesset (Israel's parliament), the residences of the Prime Minister and President, and the Supreme Court. The international community rejects the annexation as illegal and regards East Jerusalem as Palestinian territory occupied by Israel.[37][38][39][40]
This paper is for discussion purposes only. Nothing is agreed until everything is agreed. Palestinian vision for Jerusalem...Pursuant to our vision, East Jerusalem, as defined by its pre-1967 occupation municipal borders, shall be the capital of Palestine, and West Jerusalem shall be the capital of Israel, with each state enjoying full sovereignty over its respective part of the city.
Elihay2011
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).Greenberg
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).Teller
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).laub2006
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).[see footnote]
Tubb98
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).Smith02
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).The Jewish people are inextricably bound to the city of Jerusalem. No other city has played such a dominant role in the history, politics, culture, religion, national life and consciousness of a people as has Jerusalem in the life of Jewry and Judaism. Since King David established the city as the capital of the Jewish state circa 1000 BCE, it has served as the symbol and most profound expression of the Jewish people's identity as a nation."
The available texts of antiquity indicate that the concept was created by one or more personalities among the Jewish spiritual leadership, and that this occurred no later than the 6th century B.C.
The Night Journey made Jerusalem the third holiest city in Islam
The third holiest city of Islam—Jerusalem—is also very much in the center...
Jerusalem has always enjoyed a prominent place in Islam. Jerusalem is often referred to as the third holiest city in Islam...
about 91 hectares (225 acres)
West Jerusalem: 35%; East Jerusalem under Jordanian rule: 4%; West Bank area annexed and incorporated into East Jerusalem by Israel: 59%
East Jerusalem under Jordanian rule: 6,000 dunums; West Bank area annexed and incorporated into East Jerusalem by Israel: 67,000
Recalling its resolutions... concerning measures and actions by Israel designed to change the status of the Israeli-occupied section of Jerusalem,...
East Jerusalem has been considered, by both the General Assembly and the Security Council, as part of the occupied Palestinian territory.
East Jerusalem is regarded as occupied Palestinian territory by the international community, but Israel says it is part of its territory.
Cite error: There are <ref group=note>
tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=note}}
template (see the help page).