Back عصبة الدفاع عن اليهود Arabic Lliga de Defensa Jueva Catalan خولی بەرگری جوولەکەکان CKB Židovská obranná liga Czech Jewish Defense League Danish Jewish Defense League German Liga de Defensa Judía Spanish اتحادیه دفاع یهودی Persian Jewish Defense League Finnish Jewish Defense League French
| Jewish Defense League | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Founder | Meir Kahane |
| Leader | Shelley Rubin |
| Foundation | 1968 |
| Allegiance |  Kach Party (formerly) |
| Motives | Radical anti-antisemitism Anti-Arab sentiment[1] |
| Headquarters | New York City, Los Angeles, and Toronto |
| Active regions | United States, Canada, and Israel |
| Ideology | Kahanism |
| Political position | Far-right |
| Slogan | "Never Again!" |
| Status | Inactive in the United States and Canada (2021)[2] Active in France[3] |
| Size | 15,000 (peak) |
| Designated as a terrorist group by |  United States |
| Colors | |
The Jewish Defense League (JDL) is a far-right religious and political organization in the United States and Canada. Its stated goal is to "protect Jews from antisemitism by whatever means necessary";[4] it has been classified as "right-wing terrorist group" by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) since 2001,[5] and is also designated as hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center.[6] According to the FBI, the JDL has been involved in plotting and executing acts of terrorism within the United States.[5][7] Most terrorist watch groups classify the group as inactive as of 2015.[8]
Founded by Meir Kahane in New York City in 1968, the JDL's self-described purpose was to protect Jews from local manifestations of antisemitism.[4][9] Its criticism of the Soviet Union increased local support for the group, transforming it from a "vigilante club" into an organization with a stated membership numbering over 15,000 at one point.[10] The group took to bombing Arab and Soviet properties in the United States[11] while assassinating a variety of alleged "enemies of the Jewish people" ranging from Arab-American political activists to neo-Nazis.[12] A number of JDL members have been linked to violent, and sometimes deadly, attacks in the United States and in other countries, including the murder of the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee regional director Alex Odeh in 1985, the Cave of the Patriarchs massacre in 1994, a plot to assassinate U.S. Representative Darrell Issa in 2001,[13] and a plot to bomb the King Fahad Mosque in Culver City, California. In 1990, Kahane was assassinated by an Egyptian-American gunman at a hotel in New York City.[14]
According to the Anti-Defamation League, the JDL consists only of "thugs and hooligans"[15] and Kahane "preached a radical form of Jewish nationalism which reflected racism, violence, and political extremism,"[4] attitudes that were replicated by his successor Irv Rubin.[16]
- ^ https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/jewish-defense-league
- ^ Ellis, Stephen (2021-08-21). "The long overdue death of the Jewish Defence League". canadiandimension.com. Retrieved 2024-04-08.
- ^ Garnier, Christophe-Cécil; Molard, Mathieu; Douley, Eva; Weisz, Johan (2023-11-13). "Tabassage, intimidations et soutien au RN, la Ligue de défense juive est de retour". StreetPress (in French). Archived from the original on 2023-12-09. Retrieved 2023-12-18.
- ^ a b c "Anti-Defamation League on JDL". Adl.org. Archived from the original on 2010-04-14. Retrieved 2011-11-23.
- ^ a b "FBI — Terrorism 2000/2001". Fbi.gov. Archived from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
- ^ "Jewish Defense League". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on 2016-01-26. Retrieved 2016-01-19.
- ^ Bohn, Michael K. (2004). The Achille Lauro Hijacking: Lessons in the Politics and Prejudice of Terrorism. Brassey's Inc. p. 67. ISBN 1-57488-779-3.
- ^ Ross, Jeffrey Ian (2015-03-04). Religion and Violence: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict from Antiquity to the Present. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-46109-8.
- ^ "JDL group profile from National Consortium for the Study of Terror and Responses to Terrorism". Archived from the original on August 28, 2010.
- ^ Hewitt, Christopher (2002). Understanding Terrorism in America: From the Klan to Al Qaeda. Routledge. pp. 35f. ISBN 0-415-27765-5.
- ^ Hewitt, p. 65
- ^ Nasseph McCarus, Ernest. The Development of Arab-American Identity. 1994, pp. 180–3
- ^ Kushner, Harvey W. Encyclopedia of Terrorism. 2003, pp. 192–3
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
deathswas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Bohn, Michael K. The Achille Lauro Hijacking. 2004, pp. 176–7
- ^ Anti-Defamation League (ADL) (December 12, 2001). "ADL Commends FBI for Thwarting Alleged Bombing Plot By Jewish Extremists". Adl.org. Archived from the original on September 26, 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-23.