Back جون جوزيف مونتجومري Arabic جون چوزيف مونتجومرى ARZ Τζον Τζόζεφ Μοντγκόμερι Greek John Joseph Montgomery Spanish John Joseph Montgomery French ジョン・ジョセフ・モンゴメリー Japanese John Joseph Montgomery Malagasy جان جوزف مونټګومري Pashto/Pushto John Joseph Montgomery Portuguese John Joseph Montgomery Sundanese

John Joseph Montgomery

John Joseph Montgomery
Born(1858-02-15)February 15, 1858
Yuba City, California
DiedOctober 31, 1911(1911-10-31) (aged 53)
Evergreen, San Jose, California
Cause of deathGliding accident
Resting placeColma, California
37°40′16″N 122°26′43″W / 37.671155°N 122.445191°W / 37.671155; -122.445191
NationalityAmerican
EducationSt. Ignatius College (BA, MS)
Occupation(s)aviation pioneer, inventor, professor of physics, physicist
SpouseRegina Cleary (m. 1910)
Signature

John Joseph Montgomery (February 15, 1858 – October 31, 1911) was an American inventor, physicist, engineer, and professor at Santa Clara University in Santa Clara, California, who is best known for his invention of controlled heavier-than-air flying machines.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]

In the 1880s Montgomery, a native of Yuba City, California, made manned flight experiments in a series of gliders in the United States in Otay Mesa near San Diego, California.[8][9][7][10][11][12] Although not publicized in the 1880s, these early flights were first described by Montgomery as part of a lecture delivered at the International Conference on Aerial Navigation at Chicago, 1893.[13][14] These independent advances came after gliding flights by European pioneers such as George Cayley's coachman in England (1853) and Jean-Marie Le Bris in France (1856).[15] Although Montgomery never claimed firsts, his gliding experiments of the 1880s are considered by some historians and organizations to have been the first controlled flights of a heavier-than-air flying machine in America[16][14][17] or in the Western Hemisphere,[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] depending on the source.

Montgomery devised different control methods for his gliders, including weight shifting for roll and an elevator for pitch (1884). Subsequent designs used hinged, pilot-operated trailing edge flaps on the wings (1885–1886) for roll control,[26][27][28][29][9][30] and later, full wing warping systems for roll (1903–1905)[31][32] and for both pitch and roll (1911).[33]

  1. ^ Tandy, Edward T. (1910). An Epitome of the Work of the Aeronautic Society from July, 1908 to December, 1909. New York, NY: Aeronautic Society of New York.
  2. ^ Peyrey, François (1909). Les Oiseaux Artificiels. Paris, France: Derlis Fréres.
  3. ^ "An American Pioneer of Soaring Flight: John J. Montgomery". Aviation. 4 (1): 302–303. 1918.
  4. ^ Walker, Thomas (1910). The Art of Flying. London, England: King, Sell & Olding.
  5. ^ Turner, Charles C. (1910). Aerial Navigation of To-day: A Popular Account of the Evolution of Aeronautics. London, England: Seeley & Co.
  6. ^ Colwell, J.H. (1920). "The Origin and Development of Aeronautics". Journal of the Patent Office Society. 3: 12.
  7. ^ a b Hunt, Rockwell D. (1932). "John J. Montgomery". California and Californians. 3 (126): 27.
  8. ^ The Montgomery Evergreen Archived April 2, 2015, at the Wayback Machine Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum
  9. ^ a b Montgomery, John J. (April 21, 1910). The Origin of Wing Warping (Speech). Aeronautic Society of New York.(Aeronautics 1910)
  10. ^ Harwood, Craig; Fogel, Gary (2012). Quest for Flight: John J. Montgomery and the Dawn of Aviation in the West. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0806142647.
  11. ^ Berriman, Algernon E. Aviation. An Introduction to the Elements of Flight, Methuen & Co., London, 1912. pp. 213-214.
  12. ^ "Montgomery's Gliding Experiments", in Hayward, Charles B. Practical Aeronautics: An Understandable Presentation of Interesting and Essential Facts in Aeronautical Science.' Chicago: American School of Correspondence, 1912.
  13. ^ Zahm, Albert F. (1923) "Catholic Contributions in the Field of Aeronautics" in Benson, William Shepherd, James J. Walsh, Edward J. Hanna, and Constantine E. McGuire. Catholic Builders of the Nation: A Symposium on the Catholic Contribution to the Civilization of the United States. Boston: Continental Press.
  14. ^ a b Pritchard, John Lawrence (1929). The Book of The Aeroplane. The University of Michigan: Longmans Green & Company. p. 17.
  15. ^ The Journal of San Diego History, July 1968, Vol. 14, No. 3.
  16. ^ National Cyclopedia of American Biography: Being the History of the United States as Illustrated in the Lives of the Founders, Builders, & Defenders of the Republic, etc..., Edited by Distinguished Biographers, James T. White & Co. Volume XVI, 1916.
  17. ^ Mark D. Ardema and Joseph Mach, Santa Clara University School of Engineering, and William J. Adams, Jr., "John Joseph Montgomery, 1883 Glider: An International Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark, Designated by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, May 11, 1996, at Hiller Aircraft Museum and Santa Clara University" (brochure, 11 pp.)
  18. ^ "Montgomery First to Conquer the Air: Austrian Officials after Inquiry Give Palm to California Inventor," San Francisco Examiner, May 16, 1909. See also "Conquering the Air," San Francisco Monitor, June 12, 1909.
  19. ^ Jacobs, James W. "John Joseph Montgomery." In James W. Jacobs, Enshrinee Album: The First Twenty-One Years, 134⟨n⟩35. Dayton, Ohio: National Aviation Hall of Fame, 1984.
  20. ^ McCormick, Barnes (2004). Aerospace Engineering Education During the First Century of Flight. Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. ISBN 9781563477102.
  21. ^ L'Écho Des Ailes: Revue Indépendante pour la Défense des Intérêts Aéronautiques, Vol. 17, No. 2, January 23, 1948. By Fédération des Clubs Belges d'Aviation de Tourisme, Brussels, Belgium.
  22. ^ "Flug-Revue" ("Flight Review"), 1968, Vereinigte Motor-Verlage, p. 155.
  23. ^ Hearings, Reports and Prints of the House Committee on Science and Astronautics, United States Congress. House Committee on Science and Astronautics, U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington D.C., 1972.
  24. ^ Histoire de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace, 2001.
  25. ^ Davy, Maurice J.B. (1935) Aeronautics, Science Museum.
  26. ^ "Professor Montgomery's Experiments". Aeronautics (London). 3 (6): 73, 111. 1910.
  27. ^ "Machine with Wings Upsets Theories," "Years of Research Applied to Solving the Problem," San Jose Mercury Evening News, March 31, 1905.
  28. ^ "Third Tests Are All Successful," San Francisco Bulletin, March 26, 1905.
  29. ^ Montgomery, John J. (1909). "Some Early Gliding Experiments In America". Aeronautics (New York). 4 (1).
  30. ^ Hayward, Charles B. (ed.) (1912) Practical Aeronautics, American School of Correspondence, Chicago.(Introduction written by Orville Wright)
  31. ^ "The Origin of Warping: Professor Montgomery's Experiments". Aeronautics. 3 (6). London: 63–64.
  32. ^ Chanute, Octave. (1907) "Montgomery." In: Pocket-Book of Aeronautics, edited by Hermann. W. L. Moedebeck, translated by W. Mansergh Varley, Vol. 309, No. 10. London: Whittaker and Co.
  33. ^ Campi, Richard B. (1961) "Description and Analysis of the 1911 Montgomery Controllable Man Carrying Glider." Working paper, December 29, 1961.
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