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The Joseph Smith Hypocephalus (also known as the Hypocephalus of Sheshonq or Facsimile Number 2)[a] was a papyrus fragment, part of a larger collection of papyri known as the Joseph Smith Papyri. The papyri are Egyptian funerary papyrus fragments from ancient Thebes dated between 300 and 100 BC which, along with four mummies, were once owned by Joseph Smith, the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement. The name of the owner Sheshonq is written in the hieroglyphic text on the hypocephalus. Smith purchased the mummies and papyrus documents from a traveling exhibitor in Kirtland, Ohio in 1835.[4]: 1 Smith said that the hypocephalus contained records of the ancient patriarchs Abraham. In 1842, Smith published the first part of the Book of Abraham, which he said was an inspired translation from the papyri.[5] The consensus among both Mormon and non-Mormon scholars is that the characters on the surviving papyrus fragments do not match Smith's translation.[6][7]
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Multiple hypocephali in the British Museum are very similar to the Joseph Smith hypocephalus in layout and text, and were also uncovered in Thebes, Egypt.[8][9][10] Other hypocephali also bear a strong resemblance.[11][12][13]
A woodcut image of the hypocephalus was initially published in 1842 in the Latter Day Saint newspaper Times and Seasons,[14] two years before the death of Joseph Smith. This image is included as one of several appendices to the Book of Abraham, where it is called Facsimile No. 2. The Book of Abraham has been considered canonical scripture as part of the Pearl of Great Price by members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1880. The condition and location of the original document are unknown.
- ^ Smoot, Stephen O.; Gee, John; Muhlestein, Kerry; Thompson, John S. (2022). "What Egyptian Papyri Did Joseph Smith Possess?". BYU Studies. 61 (4). Brigham Young University: 13.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
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Ritnerwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Introduction". Pearl of Great Price. LDS Church.
- ^ Quinten, Barney (April 2016). "The Joseph Smith Papyri and the Writings of Joseph of Egypt". Journal of Mormon History. 42 (2): 95–109. doi:10.5406/jmormhist.42.2.0095. JSTOR 10.5406/jmormhist.42.2.0095 – via JSTOR.
- ^ Wilson, John A. (1968). "The Joseph Smith Egyptian Papyri, Translations and Interpretations" (PDF). Dialogue. 3 (2). University of Illinois Press.
- ^ Mekis, Tamás (2020). The Hypocephalus: An Ancient Egyptian Funerary Amulet. Oxford, England: Archaeopress. p. 5. ISBN 9781789693348.
[Conrad Leeman] drew a parallel between the cartonnage hypocephalus discovered [with the mummy of Takerheb] (No. 74), three in the British museum [numbers 17, 31, and 96], and the piece which came into the possession of ... Joseph Smith in 1835.
- ^ Amin, Osama Shukir Muhammed (April 12, 2016). "Linen Hypocephalus". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved June 18, 2023.
- ^ "Hypocephalus". The British Museum. Retrieved June 18, 2023.
- ^ Givens, Terryl; Hauglid, Brian M. (2019). The Pearl of Greatest Price: Mormonism's Most Controversial Scripture. New York City: Oxford University Press. pp. 139, 153, 189, 211. ISBN 978-0-19-060386-1.
- ^ "One Eternal Round". BYU Studies. Brigham Young University. December 3, 2023. Archived from the original on December 3, 2023.
Facsimile no. 2 in the Pearl of Great Price is one of over a hundred specimens, found in nine museums worldwide [Cairo, British Museum, Paris, Turin, Berlin, Boston Fine Arts, University of Pennsylvania, Hermitage, Zagreb, and Vienna], of an artifact known to Egyptologists as a hypocephalus ... In Facsimile no. 2, eight scenes are presented in panels, which make the Joseph Smith hypocephalus almost identical with hypocephali in museums in both Vienna and London.
- ^ El Weshahy, Mofida; Omran, Rasha (December 19, 2014). "Hypocephalus in Ancient Egyptian Religion" (PDF). Journal of Association of Arab Universities for Tourism and Hospitality. 11 (3). Association of Arab Universities: 15–25. doi:10.21608/jaauth.2014.57549. ISSN 1687-1863. S2CID 218696809.
- ^ "The Book of Abraham". Times and Seasons. Vol. 3, no. 10. Nauvoo, Illinois. March 15, 1842. p. 720 – via Internet Archive.
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