Judiciary of India

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Judiciary of India

Motto: Yatō Dharmastatō Jayaḥ Where there is righteousness, there is victory.
Service overview
Formerly known as	Federal Judiciary
Founded	Mayor's Court, Madras (1726)
Country	India
Training Institute	National Judicial Academy (Bhopal)[1] State Judicial Academy
Controlling authority	Supreme Court High Court
Legal personality	Judiciary
Duties	Justice Administration Public Interest Litigation Guardian of the Constitution
Hierarchy of Courts in India	1. Supreme Court 2. High Court 3. District Court 4. Executive /Revenue Court
Post Designation	Justice Judge Magistrate - Judicial & Executive
Cadre strength	23,790 Judges strength (34 in Supreme Court, 1079 for High Court, 22677 for Subordinate Court)
Selection / Appointment	President of India for SC & HC Judges (as per the recommendations of Collegium) Governor for Subordinate Judiciary (after passing the Judicial Service Exam)
Salary	₹77,840 - ₹2,80,000
Associations	All India Judges Association[2]
Head of Judiciary
Chief Justice of India	Justice Sanjiv Khanna (51th CJI)

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The judiciary of India (ISO: Bhārata kī Nyāyapālikā) is the system of courts that interpret and apply the law in the Republic of India. The Constitution of India provides concept for a single and unified judiciary in India. India uses a mixed legal system based majorly on the common law system with civil laws applicable in certain territories in combination with certain religion specific personal laws.

The judicial system is structured in three levels with subsidiary parts. The Supreme Court is the top court and serves as the final court of appeal for all civil and criminal cases in India. High Courts are the top judicial bodies in individual states, controlled and managed by state Chief Justices. The High Courts manage a system of sub-ordinate courts headed by the various District and Session Courts in their respective jurisdictions. The executive and revenue courts are managed by the respective state governments through the district magistrates or other executive magistrates. Although the executive courts are not part of the judiciary, various provisions and judgements empower the High Courts and Session Judges to inspect or direct their operation.

The Chief Justice of India, the other judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts are appointed by the President of India on the recommendation of a collegium. Judges of subordinate judiciaries are appointed by the governors on the recommendation of the respective High Courts.

At the Union level, the Ministry of Law and Justice is responsible for formulating laws and addressing issues relating to the judiciary with the Parliament. It has jurisdiction to deal with the issues of any court and also deals with the appointment of the various judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts. At the state level, the respective law departments of the states deal with issues regarding the High Court and the subordinate courts.