Back Kalām ALS علم الكلام Arabic Calam AST Kəlam Azerbaijani کلام بیلگیسی AZB Кәләм Bashkir কালাম Bengali/Bangla Kalam Catalan کەلام CKB Kalām German
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Ilm al-Kalam [a] Or also known as Ilm al-Mantiq,[b] or ilm al-lahut,[c] often shortened to kalam, is the scholastic, speculative, or philosophical study of Islamic theology (aqida).[4]
It is a controversial science since some scholars state kalām was formed out of the need to establish and defend the tenets of Islam against the philosophical doubters.[5][6] Meanwhile, hostile criticisms and rejection about kalam as theological field of study are quite prevalent among major Sunni Madhhab schools,[7][8] such as Hanafi,[9][10] Maliki,[11][12] Shafi'i,[11][13][14][15] Zahiri,[16] and Hanbali.[7] As they viewed it not in accordance with Islamic teaching.
On the other hand, it gained acceptance in Twelver Shi'ism. According to Morteza Motahhari, It is a science that fundamental for Islamic faith doctrine (usul al-din), proving their validity, or refuting doubts regarding them.[17]
- ^ Abdel-Haleem, M. A. S. (2008). "Part I: Historical perspectives - Qur'an and hadith". In Winter, Timothy (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Classical Islamic Theology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 19–32. doi:10.1017/CCOL9780521780582.002. ISBN 9781139001816.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Muzaffar Uddin Nadviwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Gerardette Philipswas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Mutahhari, Murtada. "An Introduction to 'Ilm al-Kalam". muslimphilosophy. Translated by Qara'i, 'Ali Quli. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
- ^ • Treiger, Alexander (2016) [2014]. "Part I: Islamic Theologies during the Formative and the Early Middle period - Origins of Kalām". In Schmidtke, Sabine (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 27–43. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.001. ISBN 9780199696703. LCCN 2016935488.
• Abrahamov, Binyamin (2016) [2014]. "Part I: Islamic Theologies during the Formative and the Early Middle period - Scripturalist and Traditionalist Theology". In Schmidtke, Sabine (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 264–279. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.025. ISBN 9780199696703. LCCN 2016935488. - ^ Madeleine Pelner Cosman, Linda Gale Jones, Handbook to Life in the Medieval World, p. 391. ISBN 1438109075
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
Jeffry R. Halveson; chapter 2was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Aqida 4 Madhhab; al-'Ajiliwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Abu Hanifah opinion; Kalam 2was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Sharh Aqida Ahl sunnah; Yazid Jawaswas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
Almanhaj; al-Ash'ari according madhhabswas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Dhahabi; Malik about kalamwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Nawawi; Majmu; about kalamwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
konsultsyariah; kalamwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Muhammad al 'Aqil; Shafi'ite kalamwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs (Egypt) research team (2015). Artawijaya (ed.). Ensiklopedi Aliran dan Madzhab Di Dunia Islam [Encyclopedia of Schools and Schools of Thought in the Islamic World] (in Indonesian). Translated by Masturi Ilham; M. Abidin Zuhdi; Khalifurrahman Fath. Jakarta: Pustaka Al-Kautsar; Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs (Egypt). p. 664. Retrieved 14 August 2024.
- ^ Morteza Motahhari (12 March 2013). "An Introduction to Ilm al-Kalam". Retrieved 2023-10-31.
For a definition of 'ilm al-kalam, it is sufficient to say that, "It is a science which studies the basic doctrines of the Islamic faith (usul al-Din). It identifies the basic doctrines and seeks to prove their validity and answers any doubts which may be cast upon them."
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