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Keystone Pipeline

Keystone Pipeline System
(partly operational and proposed)
Keystone Pipeline route
Keystone Pipeline route
Location
CountryCanada
United States
General information
TypeCrude oil
OwnerTC Energy
Websitewww.tcenergy.com/operations
Keystone Pipeline
(Phase 1)
Location
FromHardisty, Alberta
Passes throughRegina, Saskatchewan
Steele City, Nebraska
ToWood River, Illinois
Patoka, Illinois (end)
General information
TypeCrude oil
StatusComplete
Construction startedQ2 2008
CommissionedJune 2010[1]
Technical information
Length3,456 km (2,147 mi)
Maximum discharge0.86 million barrels per day (~4.3×10^7 t/a)
Diameter30 in (762 mm)
No. of pumping stations39
Keystone-Cushing Project
(Phase 2)[2]
Location
FromSteele City, Nebraska
ToCushing, Oklahoma
General information
TypeCrude oil
StatusComplete
ContractorsWorleyParsons
Construction started2010
CommissionedFebruary 2011[3]
Technical information
Length468 km (291 mi)
Diameter36 in (914 mm)
No. of pumping stations4
Cushing Marketlink Project
(Phase 3a)[2]
Location
FromCushing, Oklahoma
Passes throughLiberty County, Texas
ToNederland, Texas
General information
TypeCrude oil
StatusComplete
ContractorsWorleyParsons
Construction startedSummer 2012[4]
CommissionedJanuary 2014[5]
Technical information
Length784 km (487 mi)
Maximum discharge0.7 million barrels per day (~3.5×10^7 t/a)
Diameter36 in (914 mm)
Houston Lateral Project
(Phase 3b)[2]
Location
FromLiberty County, Texas
ToHouston, Texas
General information
TypeCrude oil
StatusComplete
ContractorsWorleyParsons
Construction started2013
Commissioned2016,[6] online 2017
Technical information
Length76 km (47 mi)
Keystone XL Pipeline
(Phase 4)[7]
Location
FromHardisty, Alberta
Passes throughBaker, Montana
ToSteele City, Nebraska
General information
TypeCrude oil
StatusCancelled
ContractorsWorleyParsons
Technical information
Length1,897 km (1,179 mi)
Diameter36 in (914 mm)
Websitewww.keystonexl.com

The Keystone Pipeline System is an oil pipeline system in Canada and the United States, commissioned in 2010 and owned by TC Energy and, as of March 2020, the Government of Alberta.[8][9][10][11] It runs from the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin in Alberta to refineries in Illinois and Texas, and also to oil tank farms and an oil pipeline distribution center in Cushing, Oklahoma.[12][13]

TransCanada Keystone Pipeline GP Ltd,[14] abbreviated here as Keystone, operates four phases of the project. In 2013, the first two phases had the capacity to deliver up to 590,000 barrels (94,000 m3) per day of oil into the Midwest refineries.[15] Phase III has capacity to deliver up to 700,000 barrels (110,000 m3) per day to the Texas refineries.[16] By comparison, production of petroleum in the United States averaged 9.4 million barrels (1.5 million cubic meters) per day in first-half 2015, with gross exports of 500,000 barrels (79,000 m3) per day through July 2015.[17]

A proposed fourth pipeline, called Keystone XL (sometimes abbreviated KXL, with XL standing for "export limited"[18]) Pipeline, would have connected the Phase I-pipeline terminals in Hardisty, Alberta, and Steele City, Nebraska, by a shorter route and a larger-diameter pipe.[19] It would have run through Baker, Montana, where American-produced light crude oil from the Williston Basin (Bakken formation) of Montana and North Dakota would have been added[12] to the Keystone's throughput of synthetic crude oil (syncrude) and diluted bitumen (dilbit) from the oil sands of Canada. It is unclear how much of the oil transported through the pipeline would have reached American consumers instead of being exported to other countries.[20]

The pipeline became well known when the proposed KXL extension attracted opposition from environmentalists with concerns about climate change and fossil fuels. In 2015, KXL was temporarily delayed by President Barack Obama. On January 24, 2017, President Donald Trump took action intended to permit the pipeline's completion. On January 20, 2021, President Joe Biden signed an executive order[21] to revoke the permit[22] that was granted to TC Energy Corporation for the Keystone XL Pipeline (Phase 4). On June 9, 2021, TC Energy abandoned plans for the Keystone XL Pipeline.[23][24]

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference TransCanada-PR20100630 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ a b c "Keystone Pipeline System". TransCanada. Archived from the original on May 9, 2015. Retrieved July 19, 2012.
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference TransCanada-PR20110208 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference TransCanada-PR20120727 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference TransCanada-PR20140122 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference TransCanada-HoustonStatus was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ Koring, Paul (November 6, 2015). "Obama rejects TransCanada's Keystone XL Pipeline". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on January 20, 2016. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
  8. ^ "TC Energy – Keystone XL Pipeline". www.tcenergy.com. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
  9. ^ "Keystone XL pipeline project". www.alberta.ca. May 30, 2024.
  10. ^ "Premier Kenney announces Keystone XL pipeline investment". Province of Alberta. March 31, 2020. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021.
  11. ^ "TC Energy to Build Keystone XL Pipeline". NK Research Corp. Canadian Insider. March 31, 2020.
  12. ^ a b United States Department of State Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs (March 1, 2013). Draft Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement for the Keystone XL Project Applicant for Presidential Permit: TransCanada Keystone Pipeline, LP (SEIS) (PDF) (Report). United States Department of State. Retrieved March 17, 2013.
  13. ^ "The link between Keystone XL and Canadian oilsands production" (PDF). Pembina Institute. April 2011.
  14. ^ "C10418 CER – Letter and Order OPMO-005-2020 – TransCanada Keystone Pipeline GP Ltd. – Keystone XL Pipeline Project – Partial Leave to Open at the Keystone Hardisty Complex". Canadian Energy Regulator. December 15, 2020.
  15. ^ "Keystone Pipeline". Calgary, Alberta, Canada: TransCanada Corporation. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved March 17, 2013.
  16. ^ Cite error: The named reference spacedaily220114 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  17. ^ "Short-Term Energy and Winter Fuels Outlook". US Energy Information Administration. Retrieved November 8, 2015.
  18. ^ Rapier, Robert (November 19, 2013). "There's No Stopping the Oil Sands Train". Retrieved January 24, 2017.
  19. ^ "Keystone XL Pipeline » Keystone XL 101". www.keystone-xl.com. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
  20. ^ Zionts, Arielle (March 17, 2022). "Canceled Keystone XL Pipeline project has final hearing in South Dakota". SDPB.
  21. ^ "Protecting Public Health and the Environment and Restoring Science To Tackle the Climate Crisis". Federal Register. 86: 7037. January 20, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
  22. ^ "Authorizing TransCanada Keystone Pipeline, L.P., To Construct, Connect, Operate, and Maintain Pipeline Facilities at the International Boundary Between the United States and Canada". Federal Register. 84: 13,101. March 29, 2019. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
  23. ^ Puko, Timothy (June 9, 2021). "Keystone XL Oil Project Abandoned by Developer". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved June 9, 2021.
  24. ^ Brown, Matthew (June 9, 2021). "Keystone XL pipeline nixed after Biden stands firm on permit". AP News. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
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