Kingdom of Tungning | |||||||||||
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1661–1683 | |||||||||||
![]() Location of the Kingdom of Tungning, and settlements
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![]() The territories ever controlled by the maritime force of the Zheng dynasty depicting in red, its historical sphere of influence shown in peach | |||||||||||
Status | A princedom (郡王國) owing allegiance to the Southern Ming | ||||||||||
Capital | Anping (present-day Tainan) | ||||||||||
Common languages | Hokkien, Hakka, Siraya language | ||||||||||
Government | Monarchy | ||||||||||
Prince of Yanping | |||||||||||
• 1661–1662 | Zheng Chenggong | ||||||||||
• 1662–1681 | Zheng Jing | ||||||||||
• 1681–1683 | Zheng Keshuang | ||||||||||
History | |||||||||||
14 June 1661 | |||||||||||
5 September 1683 | |||||||||||
Population | |||||||||||
• 1664 | 140,000 | ||||||||||
• 1683 | 200,000 | ||||||||||
Currency | Silver tael (Spanish dollar) and copper cash coin | ||||||||||
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Today part of | Republic of China (Taiwan) People's Republic of China (Xiamen)[1] |
Tungning | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Traditional Chinese | 東寧 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Simplified Chinese | 东宁 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Literal meaning | Eastern Pacification | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Zheng dynasty | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Traditional Chinese | 鄭氏王朝 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Simplified Chinese | 郑氏王朝 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Zheng period of the Ming dynasty | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Traditional Chinese | 明鄭時期 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Simplified Chinese | 明郑时期 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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History of Taiwan | ||||||||||||||||
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Chronological | ||||||||||||||||
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Part of a series on the |
History of China |
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The Kingdom of Tungning,[a] also known as Tywan by the English at the time, was a dynastic maritime state that ruled part of southwestern Taiwan and the Penghu islands between 1661 and 1683. It is the first predominantly ethnic Han state in Taiwanese history. At its zenith, the kingdom's maritime power dominated varying extents of coastal regions of southeastern China and controlled the major sea lanes across both China Seas, and its vast trade network stretched from Japan to Southeast Asia.
The kingdom was founded by Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong) after seizing control of Taiwan from Dutch rule. Zheng hoped to restore the Ming dynasty in Mainland China, when the Ming remnants' rump state in southern China was progressively conquered by the Manchu-led Qing dynasty. The Zheng dynasty used the island of Taiwan as a military base for their Ming loyalist movement which aimed to reclaim mainland China from the Qing. Under Zheng rule, Taiwan underwent a process of sinicization in an effort to consolidate the last stronghold of Han Chinese resistance against the invading Manchus. Until its annexation by the Qing dynasty in 1683, the kingdom was ruled by Koxinga's heirs, the House of Koxinga, and the period of rule is sometimes referred to as the Koxinga dynasty or the Zheng dynasty.[5][6][7]
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Despite vast political differences, scholars in mainland China and Taiwan position the two men (Zheng Chenggong and Zheng Jing) along a continuum ranging from loyalists of the ethnically Han Ming dynasty (1368–1662) determined to recover the mainland from the Manchu Qing (1644–1911) to founders of an independent maritime state.