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| Lactobacillus | |
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| Lactobacillus sp. near a squamous epithelial cell | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Bacillota |
| Class: | Bacilli |
| Order: | Lactobacillales |
| Family: | Lactobacillaceae |
| Genus: | Lactobacillus Beijerinck 1901 (Approved Lists 1980)[1] |
| Type species | |
| Lactobacillus delbrueckii (Leichmann 1896) Beijerinck 1927 (Approved Lists 1980)[1]
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| Species | |
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See text | |
Lactobacillus is a genus of gram-positive, aerotolerant anaerobes or microaerophilic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria.[2][3] Until 2020, the genus Lactobacillus comprised over 260 phylogenetically, ecologically, and metabolically diverse species; a taxonomic revision of the genus assigned lactobacilli to 25 genera (see § Taxonomy below).[3]
Lactobacillus species constitute a significant component of the human and animal microbiota at a number of body sites, such as the digestive system, and the female genital system.[4] In women of European ancestry, Lactobacillus species are normally a major part of the vaginal microbiota.[5][6] Lactobacillus forms biofilms in the vaginal and gut microbiota,[7] allowing them to persist during harsh environmental conditions and maintain ample populations.[8] Lactobacillus exhibits a mutualistic relationship with the human body, as it protects the host against potential invasions by pathogens, and in turn, the host provides a source of nutrients.[9] Lactobacilli are among the most common probiotic found in food such as yogurt, and it is diverse in its application to maintain human well-being, as it can help treat diarrhea, vaginal infections, and skin disorders such as eczema.[10]
- ^ a b Beijerinck MW. (1901). "Sur les ferments lactiques de l'industrie" [On industrial dairy fermentation]. Archives Néerlandaises des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles (Section 2) [Dutch Archives of Exact and Natural Sciences (Section 2)]. 6: 212–243.
- ^ Makarova K, Slesarev A, Wolf Y, Sorokin A, Mirkin B, Koonin E, et al. (October 2006). "Comparative genomics of the lactic acid bacteria". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (42): 15611–6. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10315611M. doi:10.1073/pnas.0607117103. PMC 1622870. PMID 17030793.
- ^ a b Zheng, Jinshui; Wittouck, Stijn; Salvetti, Elisa; Franz, Charles M.A.P.; Harris, Hugh M.B.; Mattarelli, Paola; O’Toole, Paul W.; Pot, Bruno; Vandamme, Peter; Walter, Jens; Watanabe, Koichi (2020). "A taxonomic note on the genus Lactobacillus: Description of 23 novel genera, emended description of the genus Lactobacillus Beijerinck 1901, and union of Lactobacillaceae and Leuconostocaceae". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 70 (4): 2782–2858. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.004107. hdl:10067/1738330151162165141. ISSN 1466-5026. PMID 32293557. S2CID 215771564.
- ^ Duar, Rebbeca M.; Lin, Xiaoxi B.; Zheng, Jinshui; Martino, Maria Elena; Grenier, Théodore; Pérez-Muñoz, María Elisa; Leulier, François; Gänzle, Michael; Walter, Jens (August 2017). "Lifestyles in transition: evolution and natural history of the genus Lactobacillus". FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 41 (Supp_1): S27–S48. doi:10.1093/femsre/fux030. ISSN 1574-6976. PMID 28673043.
- ^ Ma B, Forney LJ, Ravel J (20 September 2012). "Vaginal microbiome: rethinking health and disease". Annual Review of Microbiology. 66 (1): 371–89. doi:10.1146/annurev-micro-092611-150157. PMC 3780402. PMID 22746335.
- ^ Fettweis JM, Brooks JP, Serrano MG, Sheth NU, Girerd PH, Edwards DJ, Strauss JF, Jefferson KK, Buck GA (October 2014). "Differences in vaginal microbiome in African American women versus women of European ancestry". Microbiology. 160 (Pt 10): 2272–2282. doi:10.1099/mic.0.081034-0. PMC 4178329. PMID 25073854.
- ^ Lin, Xiaoxi B.; Wang, Tuo; Stothard, Paul; Corander, Jukka; Wang, Jun; Baines, John F.; Knowles, Sarah C. L.; Baltrūnaitė, Laima; Tasseva, Guergana; Schmaltz, Robert; Tollenaar, Stephanie (November 2018). "The evolution of ecological facilitation within mixed-species biofilms in the mouse gastrointestinal tract". The ISME Journal. 12 (11): 2770–2784. Bibcode:2018ISMEJ..12.2770L. doi:10.1038/s41396-018-0211-0. ISSN 1751-7370. PMC 6193996. PMID 30013162.
- ^ Salas-Jara MJ, Ilabaca A, Vega M, García A (September 2016). "Biofilm Forming Lactobacillus: New Challenges for the Development of Probiotics". Microorganisms. 4 (3): 35. doi:10.3390/microorganisms4030035. PMC 5039595. PMID 27681929.
- ^ Martín R, Miquel S, Ulmer J, Kechaou N, Langella P, Bermúdez-Humarán LG (July 2013). "Role of commensal and probiotic bacteria in human health: a focus on inflammatory bowel disease". Microbial Cell Factories. 12 (71): 71. doi:10.1186/1475-2859-12-71. PMC 3726476. PMID 23876056.
- ^ Inglin R (2017). Combined Phenotypic-Genotypic Analyses of the Genus Lactobacillus and Selection of Cultures for Biopreservation of Fermented Food. ETHZ research collection (Ph.D. thesis). ETH Zurich. doi:10.3929/ethz-b-000214904. hdl:20.500.11850/214904.