Oslo Metro is the rapid transit system that serves Oslo and Bærum in Norway. The system is municipally owned by Sporveien[1] and operated by the subsidiary Sporveien T-banen, which is in contract with Ruter. The metro served 85 million passengers and operated 7 million train-kilometers (4.3 train-mi) in 2013.[2] It serves 95 stations;[3] of which 15 are underground and 1 is built-in.[4] In addition, 15 stations have been closed, while 4 stations on the Kolsås Line remain temporarily nonoperational since 2006 while the line is being upgraded.[5][6][needs update]
The most heavily trafficked station is Jernbanetorget, which is adjacent to Oslo Central Station, closely followed by Majorstuen, the main transfer station between lines west of the city center and to several lines of the Oslo Tramway, and Nationaltheatret, which is in the heart of the city center and provides direct transfer to trains on the Drammen Line. All three stations are in the Common Tunnel. The least-used station is Lillevann, which serves the recreational area of Nordmarka.[7] At a distance of 17.3 kilometers (10.7 mi), Kolsås is the farthest from the city center.[8]
The system is served by eight lines that operate as branches from the Common Tunnel—the shared section that runs 4.8 kilometers (3.0 mi) through the city center.[8][9] The Ring Line operates in a loop north of the city center.[10] There are six train services, numbered 1 through 6, that each operate from one branch via the city center to another branch or to the Ring Line. All services run every 15 minutes. Each branch, except for the Lambertseter Line, has one service that operates to its terminus. Because the lines gradually merge as they near the Common Tunnel, stations close to the city center may be served by multiple numbers.[11][12][3]
The original section of the metro was the Holmenkollen Line, which opened as a suburban tramway in 1898.[13][14][15] The Røa Line was the next to open as a branch, in 1912.[16] The system became the first Nordic underground railway in 1928, when the underground line to Nationaltheatret was opened.[17] The Østensjø Line opened in 1923,[18] the Sognsvann Line in 1934,[19] and the Kolsås Line in 1942.[20] The opening of the upgraded metro system in the eastern boroughs occurred in 1966, after the conversion of the 1957 Lambertseter Line to metro standard. This involved the implementation of automatic train protection, longer platforms, replacement of the overhead wires with third rail and removal of level crossings. This was followed by the conversion of the Østensjø Line to metro standard, as well as the new Grorud Line and the Furuset Line.[21] From 1987 to 1993, trains terminated at Stortinget, which has since then been the basis for the kilometer markers. In 1993, for the first time, trains ran through the city between the two networks in the Common Tunnel.[22] The latest extension is the 2006 opening of the Ring Line, which connects the eastern and western network north of the city center.[10] Between 2006 and 2010, the older T1000 stock was replaced with MX3000 trains.[23]
- ^ "Saksfremlegg: Etablering av nytt felles administrasjonsselskap for kollektivtrafikken". Akershus Amtstidende (in Norwegian). 17 August 2007. Archived from the original on 7 May 2014. Retrieved 18 March 2009.
- ^ "Om Sporveien T-banen" (in Norwegian). Sporveien T-banen. 2014. Retrieved 7 June 2013.
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
linjekartwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Aspenberg (1994): 33
- ^ Haldsrud, Stian (2013). "Kolsåsbanen ombygd til Avløs". Lokaltrafikk. 85: 32–42.
- ^ Svenningsen, Jens (17 December 2007). "Bygger om banen". Budstikka (in Norwegian).
- ^ "Strategi for kollektivtrafikkens utvikling" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Municipality of Oslo. 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
- ^ a b "T-banestasjonene i vest" (in Norwegian). Ruter. 11 March 2008. Archived from the original on 15 June 2008. Retrieved 18 March 2009.
- ^ "T-banestasjonene i øst" (in Norwegian). Ruter. 11 March 2008. Archived from the original on 15 June 2008. Retrieved 18 March 2009.
- ^ a b Haldsrud (2013): 162
- ^ Ruter. "Rutetider T-banen" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
- ^ Haldsrud (2013): 182
- ^ "Holmenkollbanenes stasjoner" (in Norwegian). Ruter. 11 March 2008. Archived from the original on 20 February 2009. Retrieved 18 March 2009.
- ^ Aspenberg (1995): 28
- ^ Aspenberg (1994): 8–9
- ^ Aspenberg (1994): 13
- ^ Aspenberg (1994): 17
- ^ Aspenberg (1994): 19
- ^ Aspenberg (1994): 16
- ^ Aspenberg (1994): 18
- ^ Aspenberg (1994): 29
- ^ Aspenberg (1994): 30
- ^ "MX3000 - nye T-banevogner" (in Norwegian). Ruter. 10 March 2008. Archived from the original on 15 June 2008. Retrieved 28 March 2009.