Mongol invasions of Japan

Asia
Central Asia	Qara Khitai; Khwarezm;
West Asia	Caucassus; Anatolia; Persia Nizari state; ; Baghdad; Levant Palestine; ;
East Asia	China Western Xia; Jin; Eastern Xia; Song; ; Tibet; Korea; Sakhalin; Japan;
Southeast Asia	Vietnam; Burma (First, Second); Java;
Other invasions	India; Siberia;
Europe
	Kievan Rus; Volga Bulgaria; Cumania; Durdzuketi; Circassia; Alania; Poland and Bohemia (First, Second, Third); Hungary and Croatia (First, Second); Holy Roman Empire; Bulgaria and Serbia; Latin Empire; Lithuania; Byzantine Thrace; Serbia; Gazaria;

Mongol invasions of Japan
	Part of the Mongol invasion of East Asia and Kublai Khan's campaigns
	; Mongol invasions of Japan in 1274 and 1281
Date	1274, 1281
Location	Northern Kyūshū, Japan
Result	Japanese victory
Belligerents
Kamakura shogunate Hōjō clan; Sō clan; Shōni clan; Sashi clan; Taira clan; Kikuchi clan; Ōtomo clan; Shimazu clan; Matsura clan;	Yuan dynasty Goryeo; Talysh Tribes (Mongol);
Commanders and leaders
Emperor Go-Uda; Prince Koreyasu; Hōjō Tokimune; Shōni Sukeyoshi; Ōtomo Yoriyasu; Shōni Tsuneyasu; Shōni Kageyasu; Kikuchi Takefusa; Takezaki Suenaga; Shiroishi Michiyasu; Fukuda Kaneshige; Togō Korechika; Hida Nagamoto; Mitsui Yasunaga; Sō Sukekuni; Taira no Kagetaka; Sashi Fusashi; Sashi Nao; Sashi Tōdō; Sashi Isamu; Ishiji Kane; Ishiji Jirō; Yamashiro Kai;	Yuan dynasty: Kublai Khan; Holdon; Liu Fuheng/Liu Fuxiang/Yu-Puk Hyong; Atagai; Hong Dagu; Ala Temür; Fan Wenhu; Li T'ing; Goryeo dynasty: King Wonjong; King Chungnyeol; Kim Bang-gyeong;
Strength
1274: 4,000–6,000; 1281: 40,000 (?); Reinforcements by Rokuhara Tandai: 60,000 (not yet arrived);	1274: 28,000–30,000 with 900 ships; 1281: 140,000 with 3,500 ships;
Casualties and losses
1274/1281: ?	1274: 13,500; 1281: 120,000+;

Major military efforts were taken by Kublai Khan of the Yuan dynasty in 1274 and 1281 to conquer the Japanese archipelago after the submission of the Korean kingdom of Goryeo to vassaldom. Ultimately a failure, the invasion attempts are of macro-historical importance because they set a limit on Mongol expansion and rank as nation-defining events in the history of Japan. The invasions are referred to in many works of fiction and are the earliest events for which the word kamikaze (神風 "divine wind") is widely used, originating in reference to the two typhoons faced by the Yuan fleets.

The invasions were one of the earliest cases of gunpowder warfare outside of China. One of the most notable technological innovations during the war was the use of explosive, hand-thrown bombs.^[7]

^ Conlan 2001, pp. 261–263 cites a variety of estimate from various Japanese historians as well as the author's own.
^ Twitchett 1994, pp. 437–442.
^ Turnbull 2010, p. 32.
^ Turnbull 2010, pp. 55–57.
^ Turnbull 2010, pp. 49–50.
^ Turnbull 2010, pp. 69–76.
^ Turnbull, Stephen (2013). The Mongol Invasions of Japan 1274 and 1281. Osprey Publishing. pp. 41–42. ISBN 978-1-4728-0045-9. Retrieved 16 April 2013.

[1] Conlan 2001, pp. 261–263 cites a variety of estimate from various Japanese historians as well as the author's own.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett1994437–442-2] Twitchett 1994, pp. 437–442.

[FOOTNOTETurnbull201032-3] Turnbull 2010, p. 32.

[FOOTNOTETurnbull201055–57-4] Turnbull 2010, pp. 55–57.

[FOOTNOTETurnbull201049–50-5] Turnbull 2010, pp. 49–50.

[FOOTNOTETurnbull201069–76-6] Turnbull 2010, pp. 69–76.

[Turnbull2013-7] Turnbull, Stephen (2013). The Mongol Invasions of Japan 1274 and 1281. Osprey Publishing. pp. 41–42. ISBN 978-1-4728-0045-9. Retrieved 16 April 2013.

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Mongol invasions of Japan

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