Mount Garibaldi

Mount Garibaldi
Nch'ḵay̓
West face of Mount Garibaldi
Highest point
Elevation	2,678 m (8,786 ft)[1]
Coordinates	49°51′01″N 123°00′17″W / 49.85028°N 123.00472°W / 49.85028; -123.00472[2]
Dimensions
Length	3 km (1.9 mi)[3]
Width	5 km (3.1 mi)[3]
Volume	6.5 km3 (1.6 cu mi)[3]
Naming
Etymology	Giuseppe Garibaldi[2]
Native name	Nch'ḵay̓ (Squamish)[2]
Geography
Mount Garibaldi Location in British Columbia
Country	Canada[3]
Province	British Columbia[3]
District	New Westminster Land District[2]
Protected area	Garibaldi Provincial Park[4]
Parent range	Garibaldi Ranges
Topo map	NTS 92G14 Cheakamus River[2]
Geology
Rock age	< 260,000 years old[3]
Mountain type	Stratovolcano[1]
Rock type	Dacite[3]
Volcanic arc/belt	Cascade Volcanic Arc[5] Garibaldi Volcanic Belt[3]
Last eruption	8060 BCE ± 500 years[6]

Mount Garibaldi (known as Nch'ḵay̓, IPA: [n̩.ʧʼqɛˀj̰], to the indigenous Squamish people) is a dormant stratovolcano in the Garibaldi Ranges of the Pacific Ranges in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. It has a maximum elevation of 2,678 metres (8,786 feet) and rises above the surrounding landscape on the east side of the Cheakamus River in New Westminster Land District. In addition to the main peak, Mount Garibaldi has two named sub-peaks. Atwell Peak is a sharp, conical peak slightly higher than the more rounded peak of Dalton Dome. Both were volcanically active at different times throughout Mount Garibaldi's eruptive history. The northern and eastern flanks of Mount Garibaldi are obscured by the Garibaldi Névé, a large snowfield containing several radiating glaciers. Flowing from the steep western face of Mount Garibaldi is the Cheekye River, a tributary of the Cheakamus River. Opal Cone on the southeastern flank is a small volcanic cone from which a lengthy lava flow descends. The western face is a landslide feature that formed in a series of collapses between 12,800 and 11,500 years ago. These collapses resulted in the formation of a large debris flow deposit that fans out into the Squamish Valley.

Mount Garibaldi has been the focus of intermittent volcanic activity over the last 260,000 years. This activity produced mostly dacite, the main type of volcanic rock forming Mount Garibaldi. Volcanism between 260,000 and 220,000 years ago constructed an ancestral cone that was subsequently destroyed. Another growth period began with the eruption of Atwell Peak about 13,000 years ago when Mount Garibaldi was surrounded by an ice sheet during the last glacial period. The latest period of volcanic activity took place about 10,000 years ago with eruptions from Dalton Dome and Opal Cone after the ice sheet retreated. Although the mountain is not known to have been volcanically active since that time, it could erupt again, which could endanger the nearby populace. If this were to happen, relief efforts could be organized by teams such as the Interagency Volcanic Event Notification Plan who are prepared to notify people threatened by volcanic eruptions in Canada.

The area surrounding Mount Garibaldi has been inhabited by indigenous peoples for thousands of years. Their oral history includes a story of the mountain and a great flood. The non-indigenous name of the mountain was given by George Henry Richards in 1860 in honour of the Italian patriot and soldier Giuseppe Garibaldi. Several mountaineers had climbed Mount Garibaldi by the early 1900s, some of whom were members of mountaineering clubs. A plane operated by Pacific Western Airlines crashed on the slopes of Mount Garibaldi in 1953; all five people aboard were killed. The construction of a ski resort was begun in the late 1960s, but developments were halted in 1969 due to financial difficulties. Several climbing routes ascend the flanks of Mount Garibaldi and involve traversing glaciers, snow slopes or loose rock. Mountain climbing hazards include crevasses, avalanches and rockfalls. Access to Mount Garibaldi is via hiking trails from Alice Ridge, Brohm Ridge, and the Diamond Head parking lot at the end of Garibaldi Park Road.