Back مقاومة متعددة للأدوية Arabic Višestruka otpornost na lijekove BS Multiresistenz German Reśistèinsa a diferèinti medśèini EML Multitolerantsus Estonian مقاومت چنددارویی Persian Resistencia múltiple a fármacos Galician נשאים רב-תרופתיים HE Resistansi obat berganda ID Resistenza multifarmaco Italian
Multiple drug resistance (MDR), multidrug resistance or multiresistance is antimicrobial resistance shown by a species of microorganism to at least one antimicrobial drug in three or more antimicrobial categories.[1] Antimicrobial categories are classifications of antimicrobial agents based on their mode of action and specific to target organisms.[1] The MDR types most threatening to public health are MDR bacteria that resist multiple antibiotics; other types include MDR viruses, parasites (resistant to multiple antifungal, antiviral, and antiparasitic drugs of a wide chemical variety).[2]
Recognizing different degrees of MDR in bacteria, the terms extensively drug-resistant (XDR) and pandrug-resistant (PDR) have been introduced. Extensively drug-resistant (XDR) is the non-susceptibility of one bacteria species to all antimicrobial agents except in two or less antimicrobial categories. Within XDR, pandrug-resistant (PDR) is the non-susceptibility of bacteria to all antimicrobial agents in all antimicrobial categories.[1] The definitions were published in 2011 in the journal Clinical Microbiology and Infection and are openly accessible.[1]
- ^ a b c d A.-P. Magiorakos, A. Srinivasan, R. B. Carey, Y. Carmeli, M. E. Falagas, C. G. Giske, S. Harbarth, J. F. Hinndler et al. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria... Archived 6 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, Vol 8, Iss. 3 first published 27 July 2011 [via Wiley Online Library]. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
- ^ Drug+Resistance,+Multiple at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)