Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a disabling chronic illness. People with ME/CFS experience profound fatigue that does not go away with rest, sleep issues and problems with memory or concentration. Further common symptoms include dizziness, nausea and pain.[3] The hallmark symptom is a worsening of the illness which starts hours to days after minor physical or mental activity. This "crash" can last from hours or days to several months.[10]
The cause of the disease is unknown.[11] ME/CFS often starts after an infection, such as mononucleosis.[12] It can run in families, but no genes that contribute to ME/CFS have been confirmed.[13] ME/CFS is associated with changes in the nervous and immune systems, as well as in energy production.[14] Diagnosis is based on symptoms because no diagnostic test is available.[7]
The illness can improve or worsen over time, but full recovery is uncommon.[12] No therapies or medications are approved to treat the condition, and management is aimed at relieving symptoms.[2]: 29 Pacing of activities can help avoid worsening symptoms, and counselling may help in coping with the illness.[8] Before the COVID-19 pandemic, ME/CFS affected 2 to 9 out of every 1000 people, depending on the definition.[9] However, many people, after contracting long COVID, fit ME/CFS diagnostic criteria.[15] ME/CFS occurs more often in women than in men. It most commonly affects adults between ages 40 and 60 but can occur at other ages, including childhood.[16]
ME/CFS has a large social and economic impact, and the disease can be socially isolating.[17] About a quarter of those affected are unable to leave their bed or home.[10]: 3 People with ME/CFS often face stigma in healthcare settings, and care is complicated by controversies around the cause and treatments of the illness.[18] Doctors may be unfamiliar with ME/CFS, as it is often not fully covered in medical school.[15] Historically, research funding for ME/CFS has been far below that of diseases with comparable impact.[19]
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