One-sided limit

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In calculus, a one-sided limit refers to either one of the two limits of a function ${\displaystyle f(x)}$ of a real variable ${\displaystyle x}$ as ${\displaystyle x}$ approaches a specified point either from the left or from the right.^[1][2]

The limit as ${\displaystyle x}$ decreases in value approaching ${\displaystyle a}$ (${\displaystyle x}$ approaches ${\displaystyle a}$ "from the right"^[3] or "from above") can be denoted:^[1][2]

$${\displaystyle \lim _{x\to a^{+}}f(x)\quad {\text{ or }}\quad \lim _{x\,\downarrow \,a}\,f(x)\quad {\text{ or }}\quad \lim _{x\searrow a}\,f(x)\quad {\text{ or }}\quad f(x+)}$$

The limit as ${\displaystyle x}$ increases in value approaching ${\displaystyle a}$ (${\displaystyle x}$ approaches ${\displaystyle a}$ "from the left"^[4][5] or "from below") can be denoted:^[1][2]

$${\displaystyle \lim _{x\to a^{-}}f(x)\quad {\text{ or }}\quad \lim _{x\,\uparrow \,a}\,f(x)\quad {\text{ or }}\quad \lim _{x\nearrow a}\,f(x)\quad {\text{ or }}\quad f(x-)}$$

If the limit of ${\displaystyle f(x)}$ as ${\displaystyle x}$ approaches ${\displaystyle a}$ exists then the limits from the left and from the right both exist and are equal. In some cases in which the limit $${\displaystyle \lim _{x\to a}f(x)}$$ does not exist, the two one-sided limits nonetheless exist. Consequently, the limit as ${\displaystyle x}$ approaches ${\displaystyle a}$ is sometimes called a "two-sided limit".^{[citation needed]}

It is possible for exactly one of the two one-sided limits to exist (while the other does not exist). It is also possible for neither of the two one-sided limits to exist.