Ophidia

Ophidians; Temporal range: ; Middle Jurassic – Holocene, ;
	Coast garter snake,; Thamnophis elegans terrestris
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Clade:	Toxicofera
Clade:	Ophidia; Latreille, 1804
Subgroups
	†Coniophis; †Diablophis?; †Portugalophis?; †Dinilysia; †Eophis?; †Eupodophis?; †Najash; †Parviraptor?; †Lapparentophiidae; †Madtsoiidae?; †Pachyophiidae; Serpentes;

Ophidia ⫽oʊˈfɪdiə⫽ (also known as Pan-Serpentes^[2]) is a group of squamate reptiles including modern snakes and reptiles more closely related to snakes than to other living groups of lizards.

Ophidia was defined as the "most recent common ancestor of Pachyrhachis and Serpentes (modern snakes), and all its descendants" by Lee and Caldwell (1998: 1551).^[3] The latter author has used Ophidia in a manner inconsistent with this definition, using it to incorporate other more basal stem-snakes, such as the Late Cretaceous Najash rionegrina or the Jurassic Diablophis and Portugalophis^{[citation needed]}.

The clade name Ophidia derives from the Ancient Greek word ὀφίδιον (ophídion), meaning "small snake".^[4]^[5]

^ Cite error: The named reference oldest_snakes was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Hsiang, A. Y.; Field, D. J.; Webster, T. H.; Behlke, A. D.; Davis, M. B.; Racicot, R. A.; Gauthier, J. A. (2015). "The origin of snakes: Revealing the ecology, behavior, and evolutionary history of early snakes using genomics, phenomics, and the fossil record". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 15: 87. doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0358-5. PMC 4438441. PMID 25989795.
^ Lee, M. S. Y. (29 October 1998). "Anatomy and relationships of Pachyrhachis problematicus, a primitive snake with hindlimbs". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 353 (1375): 1521–1552. doi:10.1098/rstb.1998.0308. PMC 1692386.
^ Bailly, Anatole (1981-01-01). Abrégé du dictionnaire grec français. Paris: Hachette. ISBN 978-2010035289. OCLC 461974285.
^ Bailly, Anatole. "Greek-french dictionary online". www.tabularium.be. Retrieved January 7, 2019.

[oldest_snakes-1] Cite error: The named reference oldest_snakes was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[snake_origin_ecology-2] Hsiang, A. Y.; Field, D. J.; Webster, T. H.; Behlke, A. D.; Davis, M. B.; Racicot, R. A.; Gauthier, J. A. (2015). "The origin of snakes: Revealing the ecology, behavior, and evolutionary history of early snakes using genomics, phenomics, and the fossil record". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 15: 87. doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0358-5. PMC 4438441. PMID 25989795.

[3] Lee, M. S. Y. (29 October 1998). "Anatomy and relationships of Pachyrhachis problematicus, a primitive snake with hindlimbs". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 353 (1375): 1521–1552. doi:10.1098/rstb.1998.0308. PMC 1692386.

[4] Bailly, Anatole (1981-01-01). Abrégé du dictionnaire grec français. Paris: Hachette. ISBN 978-2010035289. OCLC 461974285.

[5] Bailly, Anatole. "Greek-french dictionary online". www.tabularium.be. Retrieved January 7, 2019.

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Ophidians Temporal range: Middle Jurassic – Holocene,^[1]

Coast garter snake, Thamnophis elegans terrestris
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Clade:	Toxicofera
Clade:	Ophidia Latreille, 1804
Subgroups
†Coniophis †Diablophis? †Portugalophis? †Dinilysia †Eophis? †Eupodophis? †Najash †Parviraptor? †Lapparentophiidae †Madtsoiidae? †Pachyophiidae Serpentes

Ophidia

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